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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how many kilocalories are obtained from each gram of carbohydrate?
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Four
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how many kilocalories are obtained from each gram of protein?
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Four
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how many kilocalories are obtained from each gram of fat?
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nine
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what are the daily caloric requirements?
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25 kcal per kilogram per day
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what are the daily protein requirements?
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1 g per kilogram per day
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approximately what percentage of daily calories should be from fats?
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one third
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what are the four components of the Harris – Benedict equation?
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Height weight age and sex
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what is most of the body's energy expenditure used for?
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heat production
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how is the body's basal metabolic rate affected by the body's temperature?
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basal metabolic rate increases by 10% for each agree above 38° C
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what are the daily caloric requirements in burn patients?
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30 kcal per kilogram per day
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what are the protein requirements in burn patients?
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an additional 3 g per kilogram for every percent area of body burnt. This is due to the high protein catabolism seen in burn patients
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what is the most common amino acid in the blood and tissues?
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Glutamine
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what is the main source of nutrition for the small bowel?
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Glutamine
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what is the main source of nutrition for cancer cells?
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Glutamine
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what is the main source of nutrition for the large bowel?
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Short chain fatty acids, namely butyrate
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what is the main source of nutrition for the heart and muscles?
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fatty acids
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what is the main source of nutrition for the brain?
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Glucose, but switches to keep tones in late starvation
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which cell types are the obligate glucose users?
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nerve cells, red blood cells, leukocytes, and the adrenal medulla
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what is the half-life of albumin?
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20 days
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what is the half-life of pre-albumin?
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2 days
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how is the respiratory quotient calculated?
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Carbon dioxide produced divided by the oxygen consumed equals respiratory quotient
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what is the respiratory quotient for pure carbohydrate metabolism?
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One
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what is the respiratory quotient for pure fat metabolism?
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0.7
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what is the respiratory quotient for pure protein metabolism?
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0.8
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what is the main hormone responsible for the catabolic state seen in post operative day zero through three?
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Cortisol, which mobilizes proteins for gluconeogenesis, wound repair, and acute phase protein production (catecholamines and glucagon also play a role but cortisol is the main hormone)
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how many grams of protein containing 1 g of nitrogen?
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6.25 g of protein contain 1 g of nitrogen
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which organ is responsible for amino acid breakdown?
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the liver
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what is the name of the biochemical pathway in which amino acids are broken down in the liver?
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Urea cycle
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how long do glycogen stores last during starvation?
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24 to 36 hours
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where are most of the bodies glycogen stores?
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Liver and skeletal muscle (mostly in skeletal muscle)
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what are the main gluconeogenesis precursors?
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Amino acids, specifically alanine from skeletal muscles
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what is the main source of energy during late starvation greater than one week?
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Fat and ketones, as protein utilization for gluconeogenesis slows down to conserve proteins
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what is the nutritional basis of TPN?total parenteral nutrition
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Glucose
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what is the to nutritional basis of PPN?peripheral parenteral nutrition
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Fat
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what is the most common cause of hypoglycemia?
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Excessive insulin administration
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what is the second most common cause of hypoglycemia?
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Sudden discontinuation of TPN
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what is the effect of long-term NPO on enterocytes?
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having no enteral intake over a prolonged period of time increases enterocyte permeability and subsequent gut bacterial translocation
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apart from maintaining the integrity of the interim sites what is the other major benefit of enteral feeding?
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Enteral feeding stimulates greater hormone release, insulin, and therefore promotes anabolism
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what three electrolytes are decreased in refeeding syndrome?
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Potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium
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which electrolyte does not decrease in refeeding syndrome?
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Sodium
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why is refeeding syndrome such a potentially serious condition?
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He can lead to cardiac arrhythmias due to the electrolyte abnormalities
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what is the effect of selenium deficiency?
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Cardiomyopathy
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what is the effect of chromium deficiency?
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Hyperglycemia
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what is the effect of zinc deficiency?
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Alopecia and skin changes
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what is the effect of copper deficiency?
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Pancytopenia
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what is the effect of vitamin E deficiency?
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neuropathy
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what is the effect of niacin deficiency?
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Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia)
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what is the method of absorption of short and medium chain fatty acids?
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Simple diffusion into the portal venous system
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what is the method of absorption of longchain fatty acids?
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Uptake by the enterocytes, where they form chylomicrons and subsequently enter the lymphatic system
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which organ clears serum chylomicrons?
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Liver
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which hepatic enzyme is required to clear serum chylomicrons?
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lipoprotein lipase
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in fat cells, which enzyme is responsible for breaking down intracellular triglycerides?
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hormone sensitive lipase breaks down intracellular triglycerides in fat cells into fatty acids and glycerol
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what are the two essential fatty acids?
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Linoleic acid (w-6) and linolenic acid (w-3)
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what is the method of absorption of glucose and galactose?
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Active secondary transport by sodium ATPase, symport
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what is the method of absorption of fructose?
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facilitated diffusion
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what is lactose made of?
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Glucose and galactose
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what is sucrose made of?
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Glucose and fructose
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what is maltose made of?
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Glucose and glucose
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what is the method of absorption of amino acids?
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Active secondary transport
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what enzyme activates trypsin?
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The duodenal enzyme enterokinase activates trypsinogen form trypsin
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what are the three branched chain amino acids?
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LIV, leucine, isoleucine, valine
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we are our branched chain amino acids metabolized?
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Muscle
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what are the eight essential amino acids?
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L I V Preciously Through The Magical Leopard: leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, and lysine
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