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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
日本語は〜話す相手によって話し方を変えなければいけないことがあります。
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There are times in Japanese when you have to change the way you speak based on the partner you're talking to.
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V–nai(なければいけない)。
Expresses idea of obligation (i.e. have to; must; should). "いけない” is used when the sense of obligation is directed towards the hearer, in the sense of "you (all) should..." |
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まだちょっとしなきゃなんあいことがあるんだ。
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I still have some things to do.
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V–nai (なきゃなんあい。)
used to indicate a sense of obligation. It is the very contracted form of なければならない (ー>なきゃならない ー>なきゃなんない。) use of ならない indicates the speakers own sense of obligation (I have to; must; should) |
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調べなきゃならないことがあるので、図書館に行って来る。
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I have things I have to research so I'm going to the library.
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(V–nai) (なきゃならない)。
expresses idea of personal obligation (because of naranai). It is shortened from なければならない (ー>なきゃならない ー>なきゃなんない。) |
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病院に行って来なくちゃなんない。
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I have to go to the hospital.
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V–nai (なくちゃなんない)
expresses personal sense of obligation (due to naranai). It is shortened from なくてはならないー>なくちゃならないー>なくちゃなんない。 |
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明日はもっと早く起きなくちゃ。
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I have to wake up earlier tomorrow.
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V–nai なくちゃ。
Expresses obligation. Shortened from なくては。 In the sentence final position the いけない/ならない can be dropped. |
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今学期は日本語やアジアの歴史などのクラスを取っています。
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This semester I am taking classes such as Japanese and Asian history.
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N1 や N2 など (の/、)N3
など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. |
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日本の食べ物の中では、寿司やてんぷらなどがす好きです。
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Among Japanese foods, I like sushi, tempura and others.
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N1 や N2 など
N1, N2, among others.–– など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases. |
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漢字は日本語の勉強で最も大切なものの一つです。
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Kanji is one of the most important things in the study of Japanese.
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の一つです。
NはNP {一つ/一人)だ。 X is one of the ~. |
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読書は私が一番好きなことの一つだ。
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Reading is one of my favorite things.
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NはNPの一つだ。
N is one of NP. |
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モーツアルトは、最も人気がある差客か(さきゃくか=composer)の一人だ。
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Mozart is one of the most famous composers.
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NはNPの一つだ。
N is one of NP. |
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あなたにとって、一番大切な人は誰ですか。
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Who is the most important person to you?
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Nにとって
This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization. |
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ペンの代わりに鉛筆(えんぴつ)を使って書いてください。
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Use a pencil instead of a pen to write, please.
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Nの代わりに
is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. |
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母が病気だったので、(母の)代わりに私が晩ご飯を作ります。
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Because mom is ill, I'll be making dinner instead.
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Nの代わりに
is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here. |
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父は家族のためにいっしょうけんめい働いている。
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Father works his hardest for the sake of his family.
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N/non–past,plain V (のために)
indicates either purpose or reason/cause, and in certain contexts connotes "for the benefit," which is the case here. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" |
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日本の会社で働きたいと思うている。そのためにはもっと日本語が上手にならなくては行けない。
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I want to work at a Japanese company. For that purpose, I need to become more skilled at Japanese.
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N/non–past,plainV (のために)
indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of" |
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コンピュータが壊れたために、レポートが書きませんでした。
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Because my computer broke, I didn't write my report.
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past,plainV のため(に)
indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。 |
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勉強が忙しいため、友達と合う時間がない。
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Because I'm busy with my studies, I don't have time to meet with my friends.
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~(na) adjectiveのため(に)
indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。 |
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トムさんは日本語が上手なため、ときどき通訳(つうやく=interpreter) を頼まれる(たのまれる)。
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Due to Tom being good at Japanese, he is sometimes asked to be an interpreter.
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~(i) adjective のため(に)
indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。 |
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九州か四国へ行く。
本か雑誌が(ある)。 友達か家族と旅行に行く。 |
I will go either to kyushu or shikoku.
There are either books or magazines. I will go travel with either my friends or family. |
N1 か N2 (Prt)
is used to present two alternatives. In the case that the second alternative has a particle, the second か is dropped, as here. |
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その店がおいしかったかまずかったか覚えていますか。
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Do you remember whether (the food at) that store was delicious or bad?
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AかBか
is used to present alternatives. meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B" |
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その店、おいしいんでしょ。
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That restaraunt is pretty good, isn't it?
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~でしょ
is the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう (the polite version of だろう)and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。 |
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このケーキ、おいしいだろう。
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This cake is good, isn't it?
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~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop.
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これは、1年生の学生によく見られる間違いです。
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This is a mistake that can often be observed among first year students.
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Nが見られる。
uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see." Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe |
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日本人の友達ができてから、日本語が上手に話せるようになった。
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Ever since making Japanese friends, I have come to be able to speak Japanese more skillfully.
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V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to) |
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話すようになる
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come to be able to speak
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V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "come to (be able to) |
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話さないようになる
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come to not speak now/anymore.
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V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change. |
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父は病気になってから、お酒を飲まないようになった。
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Since father became ill, he has come to not drink sake anymore.
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V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something. Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore" Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change. |
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同じ感じまた間違えた。
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I got the same kanji wrong again.
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また
また、S meaning: "again; once again" |
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この本は面白く、また、勉強にもなる。
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This book is interesting, moreover, it is educational.
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また
また、S Meaning: "also; as well; additionally; moreover; in addition" |
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海外旅行に行く前にパスポートを取る必要があります。
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Before traveling overseas it is necessary to get a passport.
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V.plain.nonpast 必要がある。
Indicates the necessity of doing something. Meaning: "it is necessary to V;" "must V;" "have to V" |
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私の国では日本に旅行に行く時、旅行ビザを取る必要はない。
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As for my country, when traveling to Japan it is not necessary to get a travel Visa.
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V.nonpast.plain必要はない。
indicates the lack of necessity to do something. は is common with the negative ending. Meaning: "It is not necessary to V;" "there is no need to V;" "don't have to V." |
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雨の場合はテニスの試合はない。その場合、チケットは次の試合に使うことが出来る。
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If it rains there won't be a tennis match. In that case, you can use your ticket for the next match.
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Nの場合(は/には)
DemA(この、その、etc)場合 場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. |
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分からない(時/場合)は、言って下さい。
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If you don't understand, please say so.
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Vnonpast.plain場合(に/には)
場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時 can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion. |
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私が取っているのは、中国語ではなくて日本語です。
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What I'm taking is Japanese, not Chinese.
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N1(では/じゃ)なく(て)N2
N1/N2 could also be phrases. Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language. |
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Q)ここですか。
A) いいえ、ここじゃなくて、あそこです。 |
Q) Is it here?
A) No, it isn't here, it's over there. |
N1(では/じゃ)なく(て)N2
Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language. |
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お土産にTシャツを何枚かかった。
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I bought some shirts as souvenirs.
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何+counter+か
is the qualifier "some" |
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おいしい日本のみかんをいくつかもらいました。
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I received some japanese mandarin oranges.
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いく+counter+か
is the qualifier "some" Except for the words いくつ and いく人, いく is not commonly used in modern japanese. 何 cannot be used with つ。 |
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忘れてしまった
what is the condensed form? |
忘れちゃった。
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~てしまった。
is used to indicate the completion of an action OR the dissatisfaction of the speaker for having done something he/she knows he/she shouldn't have and will be in trouble for. |
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買っておいた
What is the condensed form? |
買っといた。
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from ておく meaning to do in advance, or in preparation.
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飲んでしまう。
what is the condensed form? |
飲んじゃう。
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〜でしまう/しまった
To do something unexpectedly, completely, or unfortunately (the last meaning here) |
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見せてあげる。
What is the condensed form? |
見せたげる。
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~てあげる。
to give, allow, let. (let someone see(something). |