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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
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think about, influence, and relate to
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Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best
illustrates |
situational attribution
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The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal
dispositions on another's behavior is called |
fundamental attribution error
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Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
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social facilitation
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Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The
tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude |
“Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.”
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In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
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situational attributions
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Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are
called |
attitudes
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Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to cheat on his income tax returns?
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Mikhail, who positively values paying his full income tax
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The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is
known as the |
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
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After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist
the pressure they exerted on her to try heroin. Her experience best illustrates |
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of |
actions on attitudes
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The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study
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were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.
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Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
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cognitive dissonance.
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When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their
memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of |
cognitive dissonance theory
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. If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
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the chameleon effect.
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The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of
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suggestibility
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Conformity is best described as
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
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Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research
was designed to study |
conformity
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Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to
conform to his classmates' opinion if he |
believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.
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The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
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Japan
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In Milgram'sfirst study of obedience, the majority of “teachers” who were ordered to shock a “learner”
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complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.
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When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they
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did not regret taking part in the experiment
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In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
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the amount of shock the victim actually received
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In Milgram's obedience experiments, “teachers” were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
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the “teachers” observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.
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Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working
simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates |
social facilitation
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The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
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social loafing
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Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought
they were clapping with others. This best illustrates |
social loafing
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Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in
behavior is best understood in terms of |
deindividuation
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Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to
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deindividuation
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If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not,
the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of |
group polarization
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. By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing on line with others who share their
attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for |
group polarization
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Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
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unswervingly hold to their own position.
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An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
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prejudice
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Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking
women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of |
stereotypes
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If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as “strong” when the words are
associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered to illustrate |
implicit prejudice
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Hostilities between the Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestant and Catholic illustrate the irony
that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that |
are much more alike than different
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The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common
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identity
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Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys.
Their beliefs most clearly illustrate |
ingroup bias
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Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be
explained in terms of |
scapegoat theory
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The just-world phenomenon often leads people to
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believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
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Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that
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animals can be bred for aggresiveness
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After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the
newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the |
frustration-aggression principle.
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A gap between modest goal attainments and very high goal expectations is most likely to trigger
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frustration
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Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior
increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n) |
learned response
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Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of
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modeling
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Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to
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get into more arguments and fights.
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Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration,
exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates |
a biopsychosocial approach
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When Armen first heard the hit song “Gotta Love It,” he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played,
however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates |
mere exposure effect
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Research on physical attractiveness indicates that
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babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.
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People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more
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sexually attractive
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We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in
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any of these areas
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Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
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compassionate love
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A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
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self-disclosure
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. The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander
will |
fail to interpret the incident as an emergency
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As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her
arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will |
fail to notice the older woman's problem.
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Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the
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bystander effect
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Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
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social exchange theory
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Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are
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reciprocity and social responsibility.
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Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband in order to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because
she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife in order to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates |
mirror-image perceptions
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Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the
experience of |
face-to-face contac
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After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their
differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of |
superordinate goals.
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Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice
and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize |
win-lose orientation
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A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the
value of |
conciliation
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