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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fresh Water Elasmobranchs |
-Rays and a few sharks -Low blood osmolarity (less urea) -Less water inflow and lower urine loss - Can enter and thrive in rivers |
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Anadromous |
-Migrating up a river from the sea to spawn |
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Anadromous Teleosts |
-Salmon -33-40% osmolarity of seawater -Most tolerate wide range of osmolarities to migrate |
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Why aren't all aquatic animals with gills euryhaline? |
-Energentically costly -No point if they live in a constant osmotic environment (everywhere that is not freshwater or shoreline) |
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Saltwater Teleosts Problem |
-Have a lower osmolarity than seawater = Water loss and solute gain |
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Saltwater Teleosts Solution |
-Ingest seawater -Active transport of excess solutes out of gills -Loss of other solutes through concentrated urine |
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Freshwater Teleosts Problem |
- Higher osmolarity than environment = water gain and solute loss |
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Freshwater Teleosts Solution |
-Produce massive amounts of dilute urine -Reuptake of solutes in the gills via active transport |
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Euryhaline Fish |
-Excellent adapters to changing osmotic environments (salmon, trout, etc.) |
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Gill adaptations in Euryhaline Fish |
-Variable expression of solute active transporters |
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Kidney adaptations in Euryhaline Fish |
-Concentrated urine in seawater (Osmolarity > seawater) -Dilute urine in freshwater (osmolarity = freshwater) |
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Saltwater Marshes |
-Highly variable osmolarity but always less than seawater -20-25ppt during high tide -1-2ppt after heavy rains |
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Saltwater Marsh Animals and Plants |
-Must be euryhaline -Some animals move in and out with the tide |
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Amphibian Locale |
-Freshwater aquatic or semi-aquatic |
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Amphibians Osmoregulation Problem |
-Very thin skin is a source of water and solute gain or loss -Typically gain water through skin |
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Amphibians Osmoregulation Solution |
Copious amounts of dilute urine |
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Rana pipens |
-Amphibian can tolerate brackish waters using urea to balance increased salinity -No true seawater amphibians |
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Marine Reptiles Problems |
-Eat seawater with prey -Must lose salt and retain water |
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Marine Reptiles Solutions |
-Salt Glands Evolutionary Adaptation |
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Salt Gland |
-Marine reptiles -Absorption of Na+ from blood into epithelium of gland -Active transport of Na+ out of gland and into concentrated salt solution |
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Terrestrial Environment |
-Easy oxygen access = high risk or dehydration -Many animals require a moist environment -Most decrease evaporation, limiting access to air movement |
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Terrestrial adaptation |
-Surface coatings (scales, feathers, hair, dead skin with oil) -Decreased activity during hottest part of day -Changes in the structure and function of kidneys |
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Earthworms |
-Rapidly lose water through skin in dry air -Risk of drowning if it does not leave burrow during heavy rains |
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Frogs (and other amphibians) |
-Extensive water loss through skin -Can lie dormant and store water as urine |
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Snails |
-Water-impermeable shells -Water loss can occur, thus they stick to wet environments |
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Arthropods |
-Insects with rigid skeleton |
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Crustaceans |
-Mostly aquatic, some terrestrial -Excellent osmoregulators that can move between environments |
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Aquatic Arthropod Osmoregulation |
-Produce NH4+ as a waster product -Requires large volumes of ingested water or loss at gills -limits access to land |
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Terrestrial Arthropod Osmoregulation |
-Produce uric acid as a waster product -Need less water, can tolerate dessication |
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Insects Water Retention |
-Can retain water extraordinarily -Exoskeleton wax coating ins impermeable to water |
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Insects Water Gain and Loss |
-Water loss = evaporation through respiratory surfaces, feces, secretions, urine -Water gain = Skin, food, metabolism |
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Evaporation in Insects |
-Trachae are covered with chitin which limits water loss -Cuticle is permeable to water, underlying layer of wax |
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Insect waste products |
-Very concentrated uric acid urine -Requires a different type of kidney capable of producing a very concentrated urine |
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Water Uptake |
-Active transport -Drinking -Food -Metabolic -Via body surface |