A majority (60 – 80 %) of the ingested water is absorbed in the alimentary canal, along with water, most monovalent ions, such as Na+, K, and Cl-, remain in the gut, typically less than 20 % are absorbed (Bond, 1991). The kidneys of marine fish play a lesser role in the removal of excess salts and a greater role in conserving balanced bodily fluids which is energy cost and reduce growth (Johnson, 2000). When fish expend large amounts of energy on cell regulation, less energy is available for somatic growth and growth rates may be reduced (Barton et al., 1990). Mortality can occur from osmotic stress as well. The osmotic influx of water can cause severe fluids imbalances that tax osmoregulatory capacity and quickly become life threatening (Barton et al.,
A majority (60 – 80 %) of the ingested water is absorbed in the alimentary canal, along with water, most monovalent ions, such as Na+, K, and Cl-, remain in the gut, typically less than 20 % are absorbed (Bond, 1991). The kidneys of marine fish play a lesser role in the removal of excess salts and a greater role in conserving balanced bodily fluids which is energy cost and reduce growth (Johnson, 2000). When fish expend large amounts of energy on cell regulation, less energy is available for somatic growth and growth rates may be reduced (Barton et al., 1990). Mortality can occur from osmotic stress as well. The osmotic influx of water can cause severe fluids imbalances that tax osmoregulatory capacity and quickly become life threatening (Barton et al.,