Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) |
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
|
Ideal Cardiovascular Health (ICH) |
Absence of clinical indicators of CVD, presence of certain behavioral and health factor metrics |
|
Cardiovascular system |
Organ system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body |
|
Atria |
Heart's 2 upper chambers, receives blood |
|
Ventricles |
Heart's 2 lower chambers, pumps blood through the vessels |
|
Arteries |
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body |
|
Aterioles |
Branches of the arteries |
|
Capillaries |
Minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules with thin walls with exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells |
|
Veins |
Vessels that transport waste and carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body |
|
Venules |
Branches of the veins |
|
Sinoatrial node (SA node) |
Cluster of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart |
|
Sudden cardiac death |
Death that occurs as a result of abrupt profound loss of heart function |
|
Hypertension |
Sustained elevated blood pressure |
|
Systolic blood pressure |
Upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure Indicates pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts |
|
Diastolic blood pressure |
Lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure Indicates pressure on the walls of the arteries during relaxation |
|
Prehypertensive |
Blood pressure is above normal but not yet in the hypertensive range |
|
Atherosclerosis |
Condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances on the inner lining of the artery |
|
Plaque |
Buildup of deposits in the arteries |
|
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerotic plaque buildup |
|
Ischemia |
Reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ |
|
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) |
Atherosclerosis occurring in the feet, calves, or legs or arms |
|
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
Narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart |
|
Myocardial Infarction (MI) / Heart Attack |
Blockage or normal blood supply to an area in the heart |
|
Coronary Thrombosis |
A blood clot occurring in a coronary artery |
|
Thrombus |
A blood clot attached to the blood vessel's wall |
|
Embolus |
Blood clot that becomes dislodged from a blood vessel wall and moves through the circulatory system |
|
Collateral circulation |
Adaptation of the heart to partial damage by rerouting needed blood through unused or underused blood vessels while the damaged heart muscle heals |
|
Stroke/cerebrovascular accident |
Occurs when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply |
|
Aneurysm |
Weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and burst |
|
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
Brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that causes only temporary impairment, indicator of impending stroke |
|
Angina pectoris |
Chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart |
|
Arrythmia |
Irregularity in heartbeat |
|
Fibrillation |
Sporadic pattern of heartbeat resulting in inefficiency in moving blood through the system |
|
(Congestive) Heart Failure |
Abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow |
|
Cardiomyopathy |
Damage to heart muscle due to enlargement, atrophy, or rigidity that results in decreased heart function |
|
Congenital Cardiovascular Defect |
Cardiovascular problem present at birth |
|
Rheumatic heart disease |
A heart disease caused by untreated streptococcal infection of the throat |
|
Cardiometabolic Risks |
Physical and biochemical changes that are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes |
|
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) |
Group of metabolic diseases occurring together to increase risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes |
|
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) |
Compounds that facilitate transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body's cells and cause the cholesterol to build up in artery walls |
|
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) |
Compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolism and elimination from the body |
|
Triglycerides |
Most common form of lipid in the body, excess calories are converted into triglycerides and stored as body fat |
|
Plant sterols |
Essential components of plant membranes that appear to help lower cholesterol levels |
|
Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
Record of the electrical activity of the heart, may be measured during a stress test |
|
Angiography |
Technique for examining blockage in arteries or veins supplying the heart, lungs, head and neck, or limbs, using a small camera on a catheter and dye passed through key vessels |
|
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
Precise diagnostic technique to identify heart damage, defects, and evaluation of blood vessel problems through use of powerful magnetic, radiation free imaging |
|
Ultrafast Computed Tornography (CT) |
New, fast form of heart x-ray used to evaluate bypass grafts, diagnose levels of calcium in heart vessels or plaque formation and heart attack risk |
|
Coronary bypass surgery |
Blood vessel is taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery |
|
Angioplasty |
Catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a clogged artery, balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls, stent is inserted to keep the artery open |
|
Stent |
Mesh-like tube inserted to prop open the artery |
|
Thrombolysis |
Injection of agent to dissolve clots and restore blood flow |
|
T/F More women than men die from heart disease and stroke |
True |
|
Cardiovascular Disease facts |
Under 40 - 9-15% have some form of CVD 40+ 40% have some form of CVD CVD is America's biggest killer Can begin in childhood |
|
CVD Risk factors (uncontrollable) |
Heredity Age (older than 65) Gender (men are at greater risk until age 60, women are at greater risk after menopause) Race (African americans have highest risk) |
|
Why high blood pressure is called the silent killer |
Can be undetected unless monitored priodically Affects 1 out of 3 people, cause is unknown 3x more likely to develop coronary artery disease, 4x more likely to have a stroke |
|
Normal blood pressure readings |
120/80 |
|
How to increase HDL/Lower LDL |
increase: continuous aerobic exercise lower: dietary modifications, certain medication |
|
Physical activity stats |
30-40% risk reduction for CVD |
|
Biggest risk factor for sudden cardiac death |
Smoking |
|
Nicotine's effect on the body |
Causes vasoconstriction Increases blood pressure and heart rate |
|
Obesity's effect on the body |
Increase strain on heart Contribute to high blood pressure and high cholesterol Lead to type 3 diabetes Limit activity |
|
Other CVD Risk factors |
Stress Hostility/anger Alcohol |
|
Stroke stats |
5th leading cause of death in the US 1 in 20 deaths |
|
Stroke warning signs |
Numbness or weakness on one side of the body Confusion, trouble speaking Trouble seeing Trouble walking, dizziness Sudden severe headaches |
|
Stroke treatment |
Clot reducing medicines Surgical procedures to repair damaged blood vessel |
|
Stroke recurrance |
1 of 4 stroke survivors has another stroke within 5 years |
|
Metastasize |
Process by which cancer spreads from one area to a different area |
|
Neoplasm |
New growth of tissue that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development and serves no physiological function |
|
Tumor |
Neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue |
|
Biopsy |
Removal and examination of a tissue sample to determine if cancer is present |
|
Carcinogens |
Cancer causing agents
|
|
Oncogenes |
Suspected cancer causing genes present on chromosomes |
|
Malignant melanoma |
Virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment producing cells) of the skin |
|
Pap test |
Procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal cellular activity |
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
Uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal body tissues without radiation |
|
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan |
Scan by a machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not normally visible in x-rays |
|
Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Gamma Knife Surgery |
Type of radiation therapy that can be used to zap tumors |
|
Radiotherapy |
Use of radiation to kill cancerous cells |
|
Chemotherapy |
Use of drugs to kill cancerous cells |
|
Cancer facts |
Cancer mortality rates are declining slowly Men have a greater risk than women for cancer |
|
Types of cancers |
Sarcomas - bone, cartilage, muscle Lymphomas - lymphatic tissue Carcinomas - epithelial tissue Leukemias - blood or bone marrow |
|
Apoptosis |
Cell organized cell death |
|
How cancer cells get the nutrients to sustain limitless growth |
Connecting to the circulatory system |
|
What percent of cancers are hereditary |
5% |
|
Stages of cancer |
0 - abnormal cells remain only in the place they originated I-IV - High numbers means larger tumor size/spread of cancer + - cancer has spread to other organs |
|
Cause of DNA mutations |
Viruses - Chronic Hepatitis B, C, and liver cancer, HPV Environment - Asbestos, Nickel, chemicals, radiation Lifestyle - Tobacco, alcohol, nutrition, stress, sedentary behavior Heredity - Can't be modified |
|
Number 1 cause of cancer death for men and women |
Lung Cancer Symptoms - cough, bloody sputum, chest pain |
|
Most common cancer in women |
Breast cancer Easily treatable if caught early Symptoms - lump, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, tenderness Exercise reduces risk |
|
Colon/Rectal Cancers |
3rd most common in incidence and mortality Treatable if caught early Symptoms - rectal bleeding, bloody stool Exercise, plant diet, calcium reduces risk |
|
One of the most curable cancers |
Testicular cancer |
|
Lymphoma |
One of the fastest growing cancers Cause is unknown, weakened immune system suspected |
|
Malignant melanoma |
Deadliest form of skin cancer |
|
ABCD rule |
To detect melanoma: Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter |
|
Sexual Violence |
Any unwanted sexual attention, contact, or activity without consent |
|
Sexual violence stats |
20-25% of women are victims of rape during college 50% of women knew someone who has been raped 90% of sexual violence is committed by someone they know in the privacy of a residence |
|
How to be an active bystander |
Stand, Speak, Act Notice the event Interpret the incident as a problem Assume personal responsibility Attempt to Help |
|
4 D's |
Direct Distract Delegate Delay |
|
Violence |
Aggressive behaviors that can produce injuries and result in death |
|
Intentional Injuries |
Injury, death, or psychological harm inflicted with the intent to harm |
|
Unintentional Injuries |
Injury, death, or psychological harm caused without premeditation |
|
Primary Aggression |
Goal directed, hostile self assertion that is destructive in nature |
|
Reactive Aggression |
Hostile emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences |
|
Interpersonal Violence |
Violence inflicted against one individual by another or by a small group of others |
|
Hate crime |
Crime targeted against a particular societal group and motivated by bias against the group |
|
Ethnoviolence |
Violence directed at persons affiliated with a particular ethnic group |
|
Prejudice |
A negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is based on wrong ideas about the group |
|
Discrimination |
Actions that deny equal treatment to a group often based on prejudices |
|
Domestic Violence |
Use of force to control another person in the home environment |
|
Intimate partner violence (IPV) |
Physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse |
|
Child maltreatment |
Any act of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child |
|
Child abuse |
Deliberate intentional words or actions that cause harm, or threat of harm to a child |
|
Neglect |
Failure to provide a child's basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care
|
|
Sexual assault |
Any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another without that person's consent |
|
Rape |
Sexual penetration without the victim's consent |
|
Aggravated rape |
Rape that involved one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons, or physical beatings |
|
Simple rape |
Rape by one person, usually known to the victim, that does not involve physical beating or weapons |
|
Sexual harrassment |
Form of unwanted sexual attention related to any condition of employment, education, or performance evaluation |
|
Stalking |
Willful, repeated, and malicious following, harassing, or threatening of another person |
|
Collective violence |
Violence perpetrated by groups against other groups |
|
Terrorism |
Unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, population |
|
The number that measures the pressure on the artery walls when the heart contracts is known as _______ |
systolic pressure |
|
A device that is surgically implanted to stimulate or regulate the contractions of the heart muscle is a __________. |
pacemaker |
|
The condition in which the inner lining of the arterial walls thicken because of the buildup of fatty deposits, which can eventually block blood flow, is called __________. |
atherosclerosis |
|
An abnormally rapid heart rate is known as __________, an abnormally slow heart rate is known as __________ |
tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow) |
|
A heart that beats in a quivering, sporadic manner is said to be experiencing __________. |
fibrillation |
|
T/F? Unresolved streptococcal infection of the throat can lead to rheumatic heart disease. |
True |
|
The term for genes suspected to be cancer-causing is __________. |
oncogenes |
|
The process of malignant cancer cells spreading from one area of the body to another is __________. |
metastasis |
|
Hodgkin’s disease is a type of cancer classified as a __________. |
lymphoma |
|
The two most commonly diagnosed cancers among males in the United States today are __________. |
Skin cancer, prostate cancer |
|
An abnormal new growth of tissue |
Neoplasm |
|
A neoplasmic mass that grows faster than surrounding tissue |
tumor |
|
the removal and examination of a tissue sample to determine if cancer is present |
biopsy |
|
T/F? A numerical system with five stages is used to classify how far cancer has advanced within the body. |
True |
|
T/F? Alcohol use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. |
False |
|
T/F? Cancers of the bone and connective tissues are known as carcinomas. |
False |
|
Aggressive behaviors that result in the injury or death of victims constitute __________. |
Violence |
|
Unlawful force or violence used against people or property to advance political or social objectives is __________. |
Terrorism |
|
Some victims of elder abuse are unaware of the abuse or of the need to ask for help because of __________. |
Dementia |
|
How many men in the United States have been victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) at some time in their lives? |
1 in 10 |
|
failure to provide a child's basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care |
child neglect |
|
deliberate, intentional words or actions that cause harm or threat of harm to a child |
child abuse |
|
acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that result in harm or threat of harm to a child |
child maltreatment |
|
What percentage of cancer deaths are caused by tobacco use? |
30% |