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77 Cards in this Set
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Is the basic membrane bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life |
Cell |
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Use basic microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissues - cork Looked empty like monk's chamber |
Robert Hooke |
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Was the first one to view pond water organism He was the first one to observe blood and sperm cell w/ microscope He introduced the first unicellular |
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
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The first unicellular organism |
Animalcules |
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He is a german botanist and he concluded that all plants were made of cells |
Matthias Schleiden |
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A german zoologist who concluded that animals were made if cells |
Theodore Schwann |
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A german physician who studied cell reproduction, he said that where a cell exists, there must have been a pre-existing cell |
Rudolf Virchow |
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The 3 principles/components of cell thwory |
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cell is the basic until of life 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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are single cell that can perform all essential function that enables it to grow, survive, and reproduce |
Unicellular Organism |
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are more complex in structure and function but has the same mechanism on how they are able to live |
Multicellular Organism |
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Example of Unicellular Organism |
Amoeba, Euglena, Bacteria, Paramecium |
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Example of Multicellular Organism |
Plant cell, animal cell, fungi |
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Example of postulate 2 |
Cancer cells, skin cells |
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a cell consist of three parts |
the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm |
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are seperated membraneous compartment inside the organ of a living organism |
Cell Organelles |
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Function of Cell Organelles |
Maintain the structure and shape of the cell act as a storage of nutrients Manufacture proteins Repair cell parts Harvest Energy Digest substances |
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It maintains the integrity of the cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
Cell Membrane |
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What is cell membrane made of? |
Phospholipid |
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It contains the cell'shereditary DNA and controls cellular activity |
Nucleus |
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it is where the subunits of ribosomes are assembled |
nucleolus |
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is a double membrane lipid layer enclosing the nucleus to protect DNA and nucleoplasm |
Nuclear Envelope |
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is a permiable barriers that limits the entry of proteins and RNA but allow the free passage of water, ATP, ions and other small molecules |
Nuclear Pores |
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is a gel like substance made of dissolved protein and liquid |
cytoplasm |
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texture of cytoplasm |
colloidal solution, gel-like or glass-like subtance, viscous or elastic material |
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are little organs that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell |
cytoplasmic organelles |
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is the cellular site of respiration and production of ATP energy molecules that gives if the title of "powerhous of the cell" |
Mitochondria |
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are minute particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins |
Ribosomes |
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is the network of membraneous tubules that transport the materials needed by the cell |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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is studded with milllions of ribosomes and involved with production, folding, quality control and dispatch of other proteins |
rough ER |
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it is largely associated with lipid fat |
Smooth ER |
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is a cell organelle that helps process and package of proteins and lipids molecules |
Golgi Apparatus |
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they are small, cylindrical cell organelles |
centrioles |
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are polymers of tubulin that forms the part of the cytoskeleton |
Microtubules |
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is a thread like structure located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells |
Chromosomes |
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is a membrane enclosed sac for storing essential materials |
vacuole |
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is an organelle found only in animal cells and involved with digestion and waste removal |
lysosomes |
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is found exclusively in plant cell and contains the green chlorophyll pigments |
chloroplast |
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is a membraneous compartment of flattened sac |
Thylakoid |
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made up of several stack |
grana |
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is highly concentrated fluid composed of enzymes, DNA and ribosomes |
Stroma |
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it is the non-living component, covering the outmost layer of a cell. |
Cell wall |
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state that endosymbiosis became the means by which organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts within eukaryotic cell came about |
Endosymbiotic Theory |
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considered to be the most important distinction among organisms |
eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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this cell contains membrane bound organelles |
Eukaryotic cells |
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this cell does not contain membrane bound organelles |
Prokaryotic Cells |
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consist of sequencial phases of events wherein parent cell divides and replicate DNA to produce new daughter cells |
Cell cycle |
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Why do cell have to undergo cell cycle |
for growth for repair and healing of damaged tissues for replication of genetic materials for reproduction of species |
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the longest part of the cell's life cycle called the resting stage because the cell isn't dividing |
Interphase |
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cell mature and increase in size sees the cell preparation for DNA replication |
G1 phase |
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in this stage, the DNA is replicated and involved the actual replication of DNA materials which results to doubling of the chromosomal number |
S phase or Synthesis Phase |
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sees the cells continuing to grow in preperation for mitosis or meiosis |
G2 phase |
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the cell examines the internal and external cues and decide whether or not to move forward with the division |
checkpoints |
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g1 to s checkpoint |
size, nutrients, molecular signals, DNA integrity |
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g2 checkpoint |
DNA integrity, DNA replication |
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is the chromosomes lined up in the middle? |
M checkpoint |
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is a process of cell division wherein the replicated traits of the chromosomes seperates into two new nuclei |
Mitosis |
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is a special type of cell division that is exclusively for gametes |
Meiosis |
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gametes |
sperm and egg cell |
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this is the starting stage of mitotic phase sees the chromatin of the nucleus condensing to form chromosomes |
Prophase |
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the stage wherein the nuclear envelope breaks down causing interaction of spindle and the chromosomes to form spindle fibers |
prometaphase |
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the shortest phase of mitosis |
metaphase |
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the seperation of sister chromatids |
anaphase |
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sees the shortening of the microtubules of the kinetochores |
Telophase |
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is the division of the cytoplasma into two individual cell |
Cytokinesis |
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Integral Proteins |
are like tunnels or channels that allows the passage of water and or other substances |
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integral membrane proteins can be classified: |
uniporter, symporter, antiporter |
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it transport subtances in a unidirectional manner depending on the concentration gradient |
Uniporter |
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it transport different types of molecule in the cell membrane at the same time
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Symporter |
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these proteins acts as receptors for hormones, recognition center, and antigens |
Peripheral Proteins |
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this are proteins that are present in red blood cells that acts as an antigens |
Glycophorins |
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occurs when particles movefrom an area of lower concentration toan area of lower concentration |
Diffusion |
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if diffusion is taking place ona solvent across a semi-permeablemembrane, the transport is calledosmosis. |
osmosis |
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type of passivetransport that relies on carrier proteinsin order for the substances to movedown their concentration gradient |
facilitated diffusion |
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when the cell needsnutrients at a higher concentration thanit typically receives or at a faster ratethan what simple diffusion can offer |
Active Transport |
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occurs wherein themolecule can bind to the surface of themembrane. |
Endocytosis |
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If the vesicle holds a solid subtance |
phagocytosis |
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if the vesicle holds a liquid substance |
pinocytosis |