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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Double layer of phospholipids |
Hidup hydrophilic ends from outer border Hydrophobic tails from inner layer |
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Transport Proteins: |
Regulate movement of hydrophilic molecules through membraneA) Channel Proteins (e.g. Na' channels)B) Carrier Proteins (e.g. glucose transporter) |
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Receptor Proteins |
Trigger cell activity when molecule from outside environment binds to protein |
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How are Substances Transported Across Membranes? |
Answer: Concentration GradientsConcentration = Number of molecules in a given unit of volume (e.g. grams/liter; moles / liter)Gradient = Difference between two regions of space such that molecules move from one region to the other |
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Recognition Proteins: |
• Allow cells to recognize / attach to one another• Glycoproteins: Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water from an area of high [water] to area of low [water] across semi-permeable membrane |
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the prefix hyper refers to the extracellular fluid having a higher osmolarity than the cell's cytoplasm; therefore, the fluid contains less water than the cell does. Because the cell has a relatively higher concentration of water, water will leave the cell. |
Hypertonic Solutions |
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the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell. If the osmolarity of the cell matches that of the extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell, although water will still move in and out. Blood cells and plant cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions take on characteristic appearances. |
Isotonic Solutions |
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used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell. (In living systems, the point of reference is always the cytoplasm, so the pre- fix hypo- means that the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.) It also means that the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of water in the solution than does the cell. In this situation, water will follow its concentration gradient and enter the cell. |
Hypotonic Solutions |
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Describe the total solute concentration of a solution |
Osmolarity |
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Describe how a extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis. |
Tonicity |
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("cell drinking")• Uptake of fluid droplets |
Pinocytosis |
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Uptake of specific molecules via coated pits |
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
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("cell eating")• Uptake of large particles (e.g. bacteria) |
Phagocytosis |
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Movement of large particles into cells (vesicle formation) |
Endocytosis |
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Movement of large particles into cells (vesicle formation) • parang sya yung kumakain 😭 |
Endocytosis |
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Movement of large particles out of cells (eg. hormones) Eto naman yung palabas 😎 |
Exocytosis |
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How are cells surface specialized? |
Junction allow cells to connect and communicate |
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the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. |
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE |
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Endergonic and exergonic reaction |
Endergonic reaction: requires energy usually ATP Exergonic reaction: releases energy, occurring spontaneously |
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A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is called an______ |
oxidation-reduction reaction |
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proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. |
Enzymes |
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Enzymes belong to the biomolecule group of? |
Proteins |
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The structure of enzymes and substrates are a "_______" model |
Lock and key |
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The location where they bind (sit down) is called the _______. |
active site |
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The molecules that bind to the enzyme are called ____. |
Substrates |
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After the enzyme and substrate bind it is called an |
enzyme-substrate complex |
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Factors that affect enzyme action |
Temperature the rate of an enzyme increases with the temperature. If the temperature is too high it can denature or destroy the shape of the enzyme so that it no longer fits to the substrate |
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Chemical messengers called _____ can signal a cell to start or stop an enzyme from working |
HORMONES |
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__________________inhibitors are medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |
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What are the factors that affect enzyme action in your notes |
Temperature pH Hormones Inhibitors |
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•Yeast cells also contain INVERTASE, another enzyme that can break sucrose, and SUCRASE. This enzyme works on the small percentage of sucrose found in sugar. These two enzymes are responsible for producing much of the glucose needed by the yeast for fermentation. |
Bro read |
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is an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells, mainly classified as either primary or secondary, based on how energy is coupled to fuel these mechanisms. |
Active transport |
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is the process by which molecules, atoms, or ions diffuse through a semipermeable membrane down their concentration gradient without the assistance of transporter proteins. |
Simple diffusion |
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is the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it. |
Facilitated diffusion |
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An _______ may prevent or slow the enzyme rate by blocking the active site where the substrate sits down! |
INHIBITOR |