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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List six organs of the urinary system
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2 kidneys
2 urters urinary bladder urethra |
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The urinary system and reproductive system are collectively called the ___ system
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urogenital system (UG)
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Retroperitneal means? such as?
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that the organ lies behind the abdominal peritoneal
the kidneys, urters, urinary bladder, renal artery, etc |
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What is the function of the kidney?
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filters the blood plasma, eliminates waste, and returns useful substances to the blood
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The kidney regulates blood volume and pressure by ___
And regulates osmolarity of body fluids by ___ |
by eliminating or conserving water
by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated |
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What does the kidney secrete?
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renin; which activates hormonal mechanisms that control bp and electrolyte balance
erythropoietin; which makes the red blood cells |
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The kidney plays a role in the final step of synthesizing the hormone __
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calitriol; which contributes to calcium homeostasis
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Waste?
Metabolic waste? |
any substance that is useless to the body
substance produced by the body |
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What are the 5 steps of urea formation?
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1. proteins
2. amino acids 3. NH2 removed 4. forms ammonia 5. liver converts it to urea |
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The kidney secretes __; about 50% urea
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nitrogenous waste
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__ is the expression of the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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azotemia?
uremia? |
1. increases BUN, indicates nitrogenous wastes in blood
2. syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia due to toxicity of nitrogenous waste |
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__ is the separation of wastes from body fluids and eliminating them
4 system that carry this out? |
excretion
respiratory sys, integumentary sys, digestive sys, urinary sys |
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Hilum of the kidney?
Lateral surface is shaped? Medial surface is shaped? |
slit that is an entrance way to the kidney
convex concave |
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List three protective connective tissues that cover the kidney
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1. renal fascia- binds to abdominal wall
2. perirenal fat capsule- cushions the kidney 3. fibrous capsule- encloses kidney like cellophane wrap |
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__ is the ball of capillaries in the kidney; receives blood and filters it
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glomerulus
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__ is the glandular tissue that contains the nephrons
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renal parenchyma
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2 zones of the renal parenchyma
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outer renal cortex
inner renal medulla |
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__ are the extensions of the cortex that project inward toward the sinus
__ are triangular shaped; tip is called the renal papilla |
the renal columns
the renal pyramids |
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List the order of the kidney features
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one pyramid and its papilla (in lobes of kidney) --> minor calyx (cups the papilla and collects urine) --> forms the major calyces --> forms the renal pelvis --> forms the ureter
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Two main parts of the nephrons
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1. renal corpuscle - filters the blood plasma
2. renal tubule- converts the filtrate to urine |
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__ are short nephron loops
__ are very, long nephron loops |
cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Opposite sides of the renal corpuscle are called the __ and __
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vascular- where the afferent arteriole enters the capsule, brining blood to the gomerulus
urinary poles- where the parietal wall of the capsule turns away from the corpuscle and gives rise to the renal tubule |
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__ is a duct that leads away from the golmerular capsule and ends at the tip of the medullary pyramid
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renal (uriniferous) tubule
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What are the 4 regions of the renal tubule?
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1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. nephron loop 3. distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 4. collecting duct |
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PCT?
nephron loop? |
1. longest, most coiled, simple cuboidal with brush border
2. U shaped; descending and ascending limbs; thick cubodial and thin squamous |
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3. DCT
4. collecting duct |
3. End of the nephron, no collecting duct; cuboidal, minimal microvilli
4. Recieves fluid from the DCT’s of several nerphrons as it passes back into the medulla |
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What is the flow of the glomerular filtrate?
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glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
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What is the purpose of the sympathetic innervation in the kidney? parasympathetic?
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1. to reduce glomerular blood flow and the rate of urine production; tells kidney to secrete renin
2. from the vagus nerve, function is unknown |
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What are the 4 stages that the kidney converts blood plasma to urine?
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1. Glmoerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion 4. Water conservation |
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Fluid in the capsular space is called __
in the convoluted tubule is called __ in the collecting duct is called __ |
glomerular filtrate
tubular fluid urine |
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__ is the process in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephrons
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glomerular filtration
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Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and filtration slits are the 3 __
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barriers that act as a filtration membrane
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Proteinurea?
Hematuria? |
protein in the urine
presence of blood in the urine |
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net filtration pressure (NFP)?
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
1.comparison of inward and outward pressure
2. filtrate formed per minute |
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If the GFR is too high, what happens?
If the GFR is too low, what happens? |
1. Flow of tubular fluid increases and more NaCl is reabsorbed
stimulates JG cells 2. Fluid flows sluggishly through the tubules, they reabsorb waste that should be eliminated |
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3 homeostatic mechanisims that change glomerular bp?
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1) Renal autoregulation
2) sympathetic control 3) hormonal control |
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Renin is secreted when?
Angiotensin turns into? |
when the BP drops dramatically and converts angiotensis into I
turns I into II |
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__ is the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control
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renal autoregulation
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What is the region found at the end of the nephron loop?
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juxtaglomerular
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What nerves innervate the renal blood vessels?
__ and __ constrict the afferent arterioles |
sympathetic nerves
the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine |
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Proximal convoluted tubules do what?
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absorb 65% of the glomeruar filtrate
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When is the transport maximum reached?
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when transport proteins of cell membrane are saturated
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Glucose and sodium are cotransported by __
While urea is absorbed with __ |
sodium-glucose transport proteins
water |
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The kidneys reduce __ of glomerular filtrate to __ ruine each day
How much is reabsorbed? |
180 L
1 or 2 L 2/3 is reabsorbed |
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__ is they key to tubular reabsorption
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sodium reabsorption; creates an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the reabsoption of water and other solutes
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__ is the process in which renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid
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tubular secretion
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Waste removal?
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clears pollutants, morphine, penicillin, aspirin, and other drugs
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Acid-base balance?
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secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions regulates pH of body fluids
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What is the primary function of the nephron loop?
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to generate salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water
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__ acts on thick segments of nephron loop; secretes K+ and urine is reduced
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aldosterone (salt retaining hormone)
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__ is secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart; what is the effect of it?
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atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
increases BP, urine volume, and decreases blood volume |
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__ is secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland in response to dehydration and rising blood osmolarity; stops urination; what is the effect of it?
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antidiuretic horomone (ADH)
decreases urine volume; increases water reabsoption |
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__ is secreted from parathyroid glands in response to calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia)
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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The __ reabsorbs 25% of the filtrate
The __ reabsorbs 65% of the glimerular filtrate and returns it to the blood |
nephron loop
PCT |
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Hypodiaresis?
What does it produce? |
due to drinking large volumes of water
hypotonic urine hypertonic urine |
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the __ continually recaptures salt and returns it to the deep medullary tissue
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countercurrent multiplier
Multiplier: it multiplies the osmolarity deep in the medulla Countercurrent: it is based on fluid flowing in opposite directions in two adjacent tubules |
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The descending limb reabsorbs __
The ascending limb reabsorbs __ |
water but not salt
Na+, K+, and Cl- |
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The countercurrent exchange system is formed by __ and flows in opposite directions
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vasa recta
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Urinalysis?
Normal appearance? |
examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine
colorless, to deep amber, yellow due to urochrome |
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Pyuria?
Hematuria? |
pus in the urine
blood in the urine |
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Odor, specific gravity, osmolarity, pH, and chemical composition are properties of ___
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urine
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It is normal to find what in urine?
It is abnormal to find what in urine? |
urea, NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid
glucose, hemoglobin, albumin, ketones, bile pigments |
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What is the normal volume to urinate?
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1 to 2 L/day
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Polyuria?
Oliguria? Anuria? |
greater than 2 L of urine a day
less than 500 mL of urine a day no urine, less than 400 mL |
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__ is any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic plyuria
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diabetes
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How many types of diabetes are there?
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4
Diabetes mellitus type I, type II , gestational diabetes, and diabtestes insipidus (results from ADH hyposecretion) |
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Diuretics?
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any chemical that increases urine volume
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__ is the volume of plasma from which a particular waste is cleared in 1 minute
formula? |
renal clearance (C)
C= UV/P |
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR) formula?
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GFR = UV/P
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What are the 3 layers of the ureters?
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1. adventitia – connective tissue layer that binds to the surrounding tissue
2. muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle, urine enters mucosa - transitional epithelium, extends into the bladder |
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__ is the muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity; inferior to peritoneum and posterior to pubic symphysis
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urinary bladder
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What are the 3 layers of the urinary bladder?
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1. parietal peritoneum, superiorly; fibrous adventitia rest
2. muscularis: detrusor muscle, 3 layers of smooth muscle 3. mucosa: transitional epithelium |
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Trigone?
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openings of ureters and urethra, triangular
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Renal calculus are calcium phosphate granules also called __
Caused by? |
kidney stones
hypercalcemia, dehydration, pH imbalance, frequent UTIs, or enlargened prostate gland causing urine retention |
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Hemodialysis?
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cleans the blood
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__ is a state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons
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renal insuffieiency
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Micturition?
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the act of urinating
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What are the muscles that expel urine?
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detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter
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Cystitis?
Pyelitis? Pyelonephritis? |
infection of the urinary bladder
infection of the renal pelvis inflection that reaches the cortex and the nephrons |