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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kidney functions:
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regulate volume & composition of blood, blood pressure, and some aspects of metabolism
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Kidneys are retroperitoneal
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behind the abdominal cavity, attached to the posterior abdominal wall
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Kidney Gross Structure
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renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla renal pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
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Blood Supply to Kidney
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heart>renal artery>afferent arteriole>glomerulus(capillary)>efferent arteriole>peritubular capillaries & vasa recta>interlobular>arcuate>interlobar>segmental veins>renal vein
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Nerve supply to kidney
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Vasomotor nerves from the SYMPATHETIC branch of the autonomic nervous system supply kidney blood vessels & help regulate renal blood pressure
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Nephron
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Functional unit of kidney. Consists of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule and a renal tubule (PCT, Loop of Henley, DCT, collecting duct.
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Cortical Nephron
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p 901; has glomerulus in outer third of cortex & short loop that dips only into outer region of medula
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Juxtamedullary nephron
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glomerulus deep in the cortex near the medulla and a long loop of Henle that stretches through the medulla
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juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
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juxtaglomerular cells of an afferent arteriole and the MACULA DENSA of a renal tubule
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Macula Densa
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Detects changes in BP and secretes Renin when BP falls
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Glomerular Filtration
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Nephrons regulate BP & composition & subsequently form urine by:
1. Glomerular Filtration; 2. Tubular Reabsorption. & 3. Tubular Secretion |
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Glomular Filtration Rate
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180 L per day
125 ml/min |
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GBHP (glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure)
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promotes glomerular filtration
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GBHP
CHP BCOP NFP (net filtration pressure) |
Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure NFP = GBHP - (CHP+BCOP) |
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Tubular Reabsorption
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reclaims materials from tubular fluid and returns the to the bloodstream.
(water, GLUCOSE, amino acids, Na+,K, and HCO3 |
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Tubular Secretion
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substances not needed by the body are removed from the blood & discharged into the urine (K, H, NH4, urea, creatine, drugs)
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Kidney helps maintain blood pH
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by secreting H+ ind increasing or decreasing HCO3 production
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Absence of ADH
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Kidneys produce dilute urine;
Renal tubules absorb more solutes than water. |
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Presence of ADH
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kidneys secrete concentrated urine, b/c lg amounts of water are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid into interstitial fluid
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Renal Clearance
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ability of kidneys to remove a specific substance from blood.
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Hemodialysis
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Filtering blood through a kidney machine that cleanses the blood of wastes and adds nutrients is called hemodialysis.
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CAPD
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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (portable method of dialysis).
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Ureters
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Retroperitoneal; Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder,
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What causes prod'n of Angiotensin II
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Low blood volume or low BP stimulates RENIN-INDUCED prod of Angiotensin II, which will then increase bl volume or BP
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What causes incr Aldosterone
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incr angiotensin II level and incr. level of K+ promote release of aldosterone by adrenal cortex, which will in turn increase BP
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What causes incr. ADH
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Incr osmolarity of extracellular fluid; or incr angiotensin II level promote release of ADH from pituitary, which will increase BP
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What causes secretion of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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Stretching of atria of heart stimulates ANP secretion, which 1. Incr excretion of Na+ in urine; 2. incr uring output and thus decr bl volume that decr BP.
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Physical characteristics evaluated in a urinalysis
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color, odor turbidity, pH, specific gravity.
Urine is normally acidic |
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Acute Glomerulonephritis (Bright's disease)
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inflamm of kidney the involves the glomeruli. Caused by strptococci bacteria that has infected another part of body
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Nephrotic Syndrome
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1. proteinuria
2. edema 3. hypertension 4. hyperlipidemia |
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Renal Failure
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decr r cessation of glomerular filtration with a decr or lack of urinary output
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PKD; Polycystic kidney disease
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most common inherited disorder of the kidneys. Kidney tubules become riddled with cysts
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DI
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excretion of lg volume of very dilute urine; Defect in prod of ADH, or an insensitivity of the principal cells in renal collecting ducts to stimulation by ADH
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Loop of Henle
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allow it to act as a countercurrent multiplier.
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Without ADH, Loop of Henle is
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completely impermeable to water and the dilute fluid leaving the loop of Henle becomes hypotonic urine. ADH allows for passive reabsorption of water
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