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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
interpersonal attraction |
The phenomenon of people liking eachother |
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Golden Ratio |
a ratio that humans are attracted to- certain individuals with certain body proportions |
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self disclosure |
a component of attraction -sharing one's thoughts, fears, goals etc. -deepens friendship if here is reciprocal behavior |
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reciprocal liking |
is a phenomenon whereby one person likes another person better if they believe that other person likes them (duh...) |
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proximity |
just being physically close to someone, plays a role in our attraction to him or her |
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mere exposure effect/ familiarity effect |
says that people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently |
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aggression |
a behavior that intends to cause hard or increase social dominance |
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the amygdala's role in aggression |
-part of the brain that is responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments. - in short, tells us whether something is a threat or not |
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prefrontal cortex roles in aggression? |
regulates the amygdala- can put breaks on it in order to avoid impulsiveness and reduce emotional reactivity -reduced activity in prefrontal cortex can inrease aggressive behavior |
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cognitive neoassociation model |
says we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions |
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four main types of attachment |
avoidant, secure, ambivalent, and disorganized |
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John Bowlby |
psychiatrist who did attachment study after WWII after noticing the negative effects on social and emotional development on orphaned children. |
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Mary Ainsworth |
expounded on attachment theory saying that infants need a consistent caregiver during first 6 months of life to 2 years in order to explore world and develop right
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secure attachment |
is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that she has a secure base to return to |
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avoidant attachment |
results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. Given the choice, these kids will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver. They show little distress when caregiver leaves and little to no relief when caregiver returns |
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ambivalent attachement |
occurs when a caregiver has a inconsistent response to a child's distress. sometimes responds well, sometimes doesnt respond well. Child cannot rely on caregiver for consistent response. distressed during separation but mixed response when caregiver returns |
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disorganized attachement |
children show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver's absence or presence, but show mix of different behaviors-avoidance/resistance, seeming dazed or confused, or repetitive behaviors. Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal from caregiver. May be red flag for abuse |
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social support |
is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network. |
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emotional support |
is listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings |
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esteem support |
similar to emotional but touches more on affirming the qualities and the skills of the person |
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material support (aka tangible support) |
any type of financial or material contribution to another person |
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informational support |
refers to providing information that will help someone |
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network support |
is the type of support that gives someone a sense of belonging |
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foraging |
seeking out and eating food and is driven by biological, psychological, and social influences. |
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the sensation of hunger is controlled by which part of the brain? |
hypothalamus- hormone regulation lateral HT- promotes hunger ventromedial HT- promotes satiety |
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mating system |
describes the organization of a group's sexual behavior - humans have immense flexibility in mating system, and heavily influenced by social and biological factors. |
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mate choice (or intersexual selection) |
a selection of a mate based on attraction |
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mate bias |
refers to how choosy members of a species are when choosing a mate |
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direct benefits of mating |
when mating provides material advantages, protection, or emotional support |
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indirect advantages of mating |
promoting better fitness in offspring |
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phenotypic benefits (mating) |
observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex |
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sensory bias (mating) |
development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population ( for ex: fiddler crabs are attracted to things that rise above horizon line since may be sign of food, male crabs build pillars around their territory to attract mates |
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Fisherian (or runaway selection) |
is a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time. This trait becomes more and more desirable and more likely to be passed on. (ex: the feathers of a male peacock) |
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indicator traits |
a trait that signifies overall good health and well being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates. Traits may or may not be genetic in origin (ex: cats are attracted to males with shiny coats) |
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genetic compatibility |
the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics. |
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altruism |
a form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to help another person at some cost to himself. |
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empathy |
the ability to experience the emotions of another, though to be a strong influence on altruism |
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the empathy-altruism behavior |
one explanation for the relationship between the 2 -says a person helps another person when they feel empathy for them, no matter the cost. |
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game theory |
attempts to explain decision making behavior (see pg 354) |
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evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) |
When an ESS is adopted in an environment by a population, natural selection will prevent any alternative strategies from arising |
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The Hawk Dove Game |
-classic revolutionary game -2 players choose either a hawk or dove -hawk fights aggressively, fights until wins or is injured -dove- fight avoidance strategy, fight at first but retreat if it gets too much, will also share food |
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What are the three outcomes of Hawk Dove Game? |
hawk- hawk: only one will win, another will lose hawk-dove: hawk will win invariably dove-dove: they will share the food - depending on the size of reward and cost of fighting, either the dove or hawk will be at advantage, this allows both to be in equilibrium with eachother |
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There are four alternatives for competitors when dealing with strategic interactions |
altruism: donor provides benefit to recipient at a cost to him or herself cooperation: both donor/recipient benefit by cooperating Spite: both donor and recipient are negatively impacted Selfishness: donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted |
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inclusive fitness |
measure of a organism's success in the population -based on number of offspring and ability of offspring to support others |
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social perception (aka social cognition) |
how we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and groups of people -provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people |
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three primary components to social perception |
perceiver, target, and the situation |
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perceiver in social perception? |
influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state |
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target in social perception? |
refers to the person about which the perception is made |
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situation in social perception |
given social context that can provide information to the perceiver |
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primacy effect of impressions |
the idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions |
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recency effect of impressions |
opposite of primacy effect, the idea that more recent information is more important in forming our impressions about them |
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reliance on central traits |
people tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver |
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implicit personality theory |
states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and behaviors are related -attempts to explain the categories in which we place others while forming impressions |
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stereotyping |
making assumptions about people based on which category they are in |
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halo effect |
a cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual (general impression "I like Judy" can influence more specific evaluations of her "Judy is a good mom, trustworthy etc) |
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Just-World Hypothesis |
a just world where good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people. Noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished. Consequences can be attributed to karma. -strong belief in this just world increases the likelihood of blaming the victim since this world view denies the possibility of innocent victims. |
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self serving bias/ self serving attributional bias |
when we succeed, we tend to attribute this to internal factors but when we fail we tend to attribute it to external factors. -used to protect our self esteem |
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self enhancement |
focuses on need to maintain self worth |
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attribution theory |
focuses on the tendency for people to infer the causes of other people's behaviors |
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Fritz Heider |
founding father of attribution theory. -divided the caused for attribution into two main categories:dispositional (internal) and situational (external) |
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dispositional (internal) attributions |
those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his belief's, attitudes, or personality. |
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situational (external) attributions |
those related to features of surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, or peer pressure |
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Cues |
are used in order to understand the behavior of others |
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consistency cues |
consistent behavior over time, the more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person. |
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Consensus cues |
relate to the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others |
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distinctiveness cues |
uses similar behaviors in similar situations, if a person's behaviors varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it |
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correspondent interference theory |
focuses on the intentionality of others' behavior |
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fundamental attribution error |
says that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions- especially in negative contexts. |
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difference between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination? |
stereotype is cognitive, prejudice is affective and discrimination is behavioral |
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stereotype content model |
attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in group using two dimensions: warmth and competence |
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What are the four classifications of stereotypes in the stereotype content model? |
paternalistic, contemptuous, envious, admiration |
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self fulfilling prophecies |
when stereotypes lead to expectations, which then lead to confirmation of those expectations |
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stereotype threat |
the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group |
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prejudice |
defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a group, person, thing, prior to an experience with that entity. |
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propaganda |
is a way by which organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others |
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difference between power, prestige, and class? |
power: refers to the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite obstacles, control recources Prestige: level of respect shown to a person by others Class: socioeconomic status |
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ethnocentrism |
the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own cultures |
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cultural relativism |
is the perception of another culture as different from one's own, but with recognition that the cultural values of a culture fit into the culture itself. -when a group sees their own rules not as superior, just different |
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discrimination |
occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others |