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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a tentative explanation for a particular phenomenon that is testable
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hypothesis
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characteristics that vary among the individuals that are being test or measured
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variables
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the variable that is measured in an experiment
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dependent variable
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the variable or factor that is being tested during the experiment what we expect to generate an effect in the other variable
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independent variable
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a collection of individuals or units that are being investigated
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population
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the portion of individuals or units selected from a population that aare actually measured or tested
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sample
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the number of subjects that were included in the test
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sample size
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the measurement recorded for an individual
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observation
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a statement that indicates that a statistical test has been performed on the data and that we can be 95% sure that we have detected a real effect in the experiment
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significant difference
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the lens closest to the object
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objective lens
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the lens closest to the eye
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ocular lens
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the ability to distinguish between two separate points as distinct objects rather than a single blurred point
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resolution
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a microscope that generates a beam of electrons and use magnets as lenses to focus that beam onto the specimen being examined
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electron microscopes
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a microscope that scans an electron beam over surface of specimen and detects electrons reflected from the surface, providing a 3-D like surface image
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scanning electron microscope
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a microscope that fires a beam of electrons through ultra-thin sections of specimens that have been stained with heavy metals that will absorb electrons in a process similar to making x-ray photographs of bones
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transmission electron microscope
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What is used to focus (condense) the light beam through the specimen onto the objective lens to attain the appropriate angle of focus?
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substage condenser
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What allow the intensity of the light beam to be adjusted?
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light dimmer switches
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What can be opened or closed to adjust the intensity?
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iris diaphragm
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What knob do you use to focus first?
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coarse focus knob
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What knob do you use to sharpen the image?
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fine focus knob
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What power do you start with when using a microscope?
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lower power or scanning lens
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Where do you position a slide?
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on the mechanical stage
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lacks membrane-bound organelles and has no nucleus
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prokaryote
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contains membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus
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eukaryote
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little organs in a cell
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organelles
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the fundamental unit of life
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cell
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nucleus
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control center, store DNA
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cilia, flagella, pseudopod
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movement
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cytoskeleton
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structure, movement, cell division by contracction
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endoplasmic reticulum
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manufacturing
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golgi complex
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manufacturing
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vesicle
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storage (adipose cells store fats, water vesicles in plants)
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lysosome
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breakdown (disassemble, destroy, recycle, digest)
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cytoplasm
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cell solution (fluid that chemical processes occur in)
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mitochondrion
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energy transformation: respiration
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chloroplast
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energy transformation: photosynthesis (in plants)
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Cell Wall
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structural support (in plants and fungi only)
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Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)
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protection: control passage of materials in & out of cell, contains identification tags, surface markers, receptors
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What is the cell membrane constructed of?
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a phospholipid bilayer- a double layer of phospholipids
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water loving or water soluble
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hydrophilic
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water fearing or not water soluble
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hydrophobic
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The phospholipids and proteins can move around freely, and are fluid within the membrane. This is known as ______.
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fluid-mosaic model
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Diffusion and osmosis are both _____?
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passive processes
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maintenance of internal environment
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homeostasis
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the concentration gradient is the driving force and the cell does not have to expend any energy to move these solutes
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passive processes
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require energy in which cells move solutes against the concentration gradient
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active processes
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the movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration [down the concentration gradient]
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diffusion
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the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable [or semi-permeable] membrane
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osmosis
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the solution surrounding the cell [extracellular fluid] is less concentrated than the interior of the cell [intracellular fluid]
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hypotonic solution
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the extracellular fluid is more concentrated that the cell's contents
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hypertonic solution
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when the fluid concentrations are equal
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isotonic solution
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each repetition within the experiment
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replicate
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the arrangement of the experiment: number and arrangements, replication, sample size, etc.
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Experimental Design
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an experimental design that includes equal numbers of treatments and samples within each replicate
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Balanced Design
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random numbers are generated to determine which group is assigned which treatment
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randomization
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a discrete unit of hereditary information, located on the chromosomes in eukaryotes, which consists of a specific DNA nucleotide sequence
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gene
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alternative forms of a gene
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allele
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the structure in the nucleus that contains the hereditary information; composed of DNA that is tightly wrapped around proteins
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chromosome
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chromosomes that code for the same genetic traits
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that control general body [somatic] functions
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autosomes
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determine the sex of developing embryo
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sex chromosomes
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the appearance of an individual
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phenotype
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the genetic makeup of an individual
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genotype
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the condition in which an individual has two different alleles
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heterozygous
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the condition in which an individual has two identical alleles
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homozygous
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both alleles are the dominant allele
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homozygous dominant
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both alleles are the recessive allele
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homozygous recessive
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Some traits are both expressed equally
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codominance
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The dominant allele is fully expressed when present overriding the recessive allele which is not expressed.
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Complete Dominance
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An intermediate physical appearance results from possessing two different alleles
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Incomplete Dominance
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traits that are controlled by more than one gene
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polygenic inheritance
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When cells grown in tissue culture reach a certain density they stop reproducing
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density-dependent inhibition
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genes that control division and destroy cells containing mutations or serious metabolic errors and are involved in preventing cancerous growth
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tumor-suppresser genes
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a gene that allows cell division to occur when normal controls would kill the cell, it will allow cancerous cells to develop
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oncogene
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a polymer of nucleotides that are linked together by covalent sugar-phosphate bonds
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nucleotide
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an information storage molecule that contains hereditary information written in the genetic code
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DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]
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two complementary polynucleotide strands form a twisted ladder
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double helix
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purines
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guanine and adenine
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pyrimidines
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cytosine and thymine
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What type of RNA carries the instructions for constructing the amino acid sequence encoded in the gene?
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mRNA
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What type of RNA transfers the amino acid for synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) to the ribosome?
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tRNA
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What type of RNA is the construction platform that synthesizes the protein?
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rRNA
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the strand of DNA that has the actual instructions encoded in its nucleotide sequence
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template strand
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a change in a nucleotide sequence
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mutation
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a nucleotide is switched
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substitution
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a nucleotide is lost and not replaced
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deletion
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a nucleotide is added to the gene
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insertion
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the type of cell division that produces specialized reproductive cells called gametes
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meiosis
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the process by which gametes are formed
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sexual reproduction
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variation is generated by pairing homologous chromosomes and exchanging genes between them
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sexual recombination/crossing over
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fragments of proteins, DNA, or RNA are separated using a technique called ______
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agarose gel electrophoresis
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Mistakes made by people measuring, writing down numbers, entering data into the computer, etc. [human error]
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observer error
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Measurements that are not accurate or precise enough because the techniques of instruments are not capable of making fine enough or consistent enough measurements
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Inadequate Technique
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The population measured is unrepresentative of the real world.
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Sampling Error
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______ is important for genetic variation.
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Sexual Reproduction
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In _____, The gonads (testes and ovaries) produce gametes (haploid cells)
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meiosis
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______ are haploid and only have one of each chromosome
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Gametes
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______ organisms have two sets of chromosomes that are homologous
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Diploid
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________ occurs during crossing-over and results in new genetic combination
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Sexual recombination
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The cell divides twice in ______?
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meiosis
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Meiosis produces ____ daughter cells
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four
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Crossing over occurs in ______?
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Prophase I
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Whole chromosomes consisting of _______ held together by a centromere separate in first division
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sister chromatids
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Sister chromatids separate in _____ division
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second
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heterozygous/homozygous
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zygosity
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Always carry a microscope with two hands, one on the ____ and one _________
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arm, under the base
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Never use the ________ on high magnification
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coarse adjustment
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Total Magnification=
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Objective X Ocular
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the size of the image
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magnification
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clarity of the image
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resolution
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In ________, Cell increases production of proteins and organelle
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interphase
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Chromosomes are distributed for cell division
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Mitosis
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Cell divides
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cytokinesis
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Mitosis can serve as ______ reproduction in single-cellular organisms
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asexual
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In multicellular organisms mitosis is used to replace cells that are _____ or _____
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damaged, lost
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Cancer is the result of uncontrolled ________ when controls are lost
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cell growth
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Cancer is usually caused by an accumulation of _______
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mutations
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DNA _________ carry the instructions to make proteins
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nucleotide sequences
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All of an organisms genes together are called its ______
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genome
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_____ is actually used to create proteins
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RNA
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Genes store information for Proteins which are made of __________
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amino acids
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Surroundings of a cell that contains ions, nutrients, and other compounds
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Extracellular solution
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Internal fluid of the cell that contains ions
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Intracellular fluid
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Solutes dissolve in the ______
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solvent
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______ dissolve in the solvent
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solutes
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Rate of diffusion also dependent on ________
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polarity
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Which variable is plotted on the X axis?
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Independent variable
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A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that must be _______
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testable
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What term describes an apparent connection between two phenomena?
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correlation
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In the example of the grades and attendance lab, what was the dependent variable?
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grade
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What term refers to the precision or clarity of an image through a microscope?
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resolution
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What is the formula for total magnification?
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objective x ocular
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One should never use _______ knob on high magnification.
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coarse focus
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What is the name of the part of the microscope where the slide is placed?
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Mechanical Stage
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What two parts of the microscope should be used to carry it?
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the arm and the base
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What organelle in animal cells is responsible for energy production?
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ribosomes
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What is the term for cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles?
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prokaryote
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What organelle in can convert light energy to chemical energy?
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chloroplast
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Diffusion takes place from an area of high concentration to low concentration along the ___________
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concentration gradient
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Name something that can effect the rate of diffusion for a material.
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Temperature, the size of the solute, the charge
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What term describes something that is being dissolved?
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solute
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Diffusion will continue until it reaches ______?
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equilibrium
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Osmosis is the movement of water across a _________ membrane from high concentration to low concentration.
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semi-permeable
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________ describes a situation where the extracellular solution and intracellular fluid have the same ion concentration.
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Isotonic
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What term is used to describe an organism that carries one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait?
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heterozygous
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Who is considered to be the father of genetics?
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Gregor Mendel
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If black fur is dominant over white fur in mice, and you crossed to heterozygous mice, what would you expect to be the genotypic ratio?
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1:2:1
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Most cells spend a majority of their life in which phase of the cell cycle?
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Interphase
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Mitosis can serve as _____ reproduction in single-celled organisms.
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asexual
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Mitosis is controlled by ______ inhibition.
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density dependent
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What genes destroy cells with errors to prevent cancerous growths?
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Tumor-suppresser genes
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What results from uncontrolled cell growth?
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Cancer
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Cancer usually caused by a(n) _________ of mutations.
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cumulative series
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Meiosis produces genetically _____ daughter cells.
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unique
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How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
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4
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