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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
monomer
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a small molecule, one unit, can be put together tomake polymers
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polymer
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a large molecule made up of monomers, many units, proteins, sacharrides, and nucleic acids
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macromolecule
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giant polymers built from monomers
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dehydration synthesis
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removes a water molecule, forming a new bond, makes polymers from monomers
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hydrolysis
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adds a water molecule, breaking a bond, breaks polymers and makes monomers
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monosaccharide
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a simple sugar, one
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disaccharide
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a carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides
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polysaccharide
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a macromaolcule compsed of many monsaccharides
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carbohydrate
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organic compound containg carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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lipid
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molecules that are insoluble in water , ex. fats, not chemically macromolecules
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amino acid
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an organic copmpund, 20, consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen,a and a side chain
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protein
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support, protection, catalsis, transport, defnse, regualtion, and movement, one of the most fundemental building substances of living organisms, a long chain polymer of amino acids, made by the dehydration stynthersis of many amino acids
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R group
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may be charged, polar or even hydrophobic, gives different properties to each amino acid
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nucleic acid
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polymers specialized for the storage, transmission,and use of information, two types: RNA, DNA
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DNA
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giant polymers that encode heredity informationand pass it from generation to generation
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RNA
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singlestranded, U G A C, act as catlysts for important reactions
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nucleotide
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the basic chemical unit in a nucleic acid
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catalyst
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accelerates the rate of a biochemical rxn w/o being consumed or transformed during the rxn, do not alter the equilibrium constant of rxn's
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enzyme
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biological catalysts accelerate rxn's, very speciefic for the rxn that they catalyze, almost always a protein
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native enzyme
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a protein that contains all its natural strcutural elements and possesses biological activity
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denatured
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unfolded or inactive proteins
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substrate
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the reactant molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed rxn
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product
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what the substrate is transformed into
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active site
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the region where where the molecule is involved in substrate binding and catalysis
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enzyme-substrate complex
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where the product is produced
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rate of enzymatic reation
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the amount of product formed or substrate decreaded at constant amounts
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assay
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an enzymatic rxn measurement
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initial velocity(initial rate)
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the rate at the early stage of a rxn where the substrate concentration is in great excess and the rate is approximately linear per unit of time
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steps of an enzyme-catlayzed rxn in letters
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E+S*ES*EP*E+P
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larva
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follow the hatching, are periods of intense eating, consists of three stages called instars, the media will become gutted by the action of these hungry larva, will pupate within the skin of the third instar
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pupa
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stage right before the adult stage, the adult fly organs and body shape are developing within the pupal case. The fly will emerge from the pupal case by pushing its way out
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dominant allele
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desiganted by an upper case letter, the allele that can dtermine phenotype, masks the recessive allele
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recessive allele
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desiganted by an lower case letter, an allele that does not determine phenotype in the prescence of the dominant allele
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homozygous
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if alleles of a given gene are identical on both homologous chromosomes
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heterozygous
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having different alleles of a given gene on the pair of homolouges carrying that gene, indicated by one capital letter and one lower case letter
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allele
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the alternate forms of a gene character found at a given locus on a chromosome
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autosome
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any chromosome(in a eukaryotic) other than a sex chromosome
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sex chromosome
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in organisms with a chromosomal mechanism of sex determination, one of the chromosomes invloved in sex determination
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monohybrid cross
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a mating in which the parents differ in the alleles of one locus, contrasts expressions of the same trait
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dihybrid cross
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involves expression of two traits, a mating in which the parents differ with respect to the alleles of two loci of interest
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polytene chromosome
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giant interphase chromosomes, all replicates of the same chromosome fail to seperate and are lined up in parallel rays, like those found in the salivary glands of the fly larvae
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an individual organism
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phenotype
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the physical(observable) characteristics of an individual organism, resulting both from genetic and enviromental factors
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sex-linked gene
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A gene located on a sex chromosome, usually the X-chromosome
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