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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Science |
AKA scientific method A way of explaining the world around us |
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Make an observation |
Notice something you havent noticed before |
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Ask a question |
I wonder.. why or how or if, etc |
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Form a hypothesis |
Maybe it's... ( a possible explanation) |
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CHECK OWL ASSIGNMENT |
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Testing the hypothesis |
finding out if your predicted explanation is correct or not (sometimes referred to as the EXPERIMENT) |
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Data |
Theresults of an experiment are usually recorded in one of two general ways: Observationsor measurementsAnalysisof the data, such as graphing or mathematical averaging, can make the answer tothe question clear. |
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Remember this: https://prnt.sc/gq1z30 |
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Conclusion/Explanation |
Doesthe evidence support your hypothesis or cause you to reject your hypothesis andconsider another explanation. |
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Allwe can do is come up with our “Best Explanation” for now. If it stands the testof timeand scrutiny, then these explanations are referred to as… |
Scientific TheoriesAndScientific Laws |
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What distinguishes living fromnon-living? |
•Areorganized into basic structures called cells. •Requireenergy and materials from the environment for metabolism. •Reproducethemselves. •Respondto their environment •Growand develop •Maintainconstant internal conditions (homeostasis) •Areadapted to their environment |
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Allliving things grow and develop |
Growth = getting biggerDevelop = changing in apredictable, orderly sequence. |
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The goal of all life is to... |
live long enough to reproduce and ensure the survival of its offspring. Biology explores how this is accomplished |
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Remember this: All living things are built of verysimilar building blocks. They are puttogether in different arrangements to build the variety of life around us. |
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All living things require? |
Food |
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Sixelements build 99% of all living material. Atoms of these six elements combine toform molecules that make up most of the matter of living things. |
•Carbon •Hydrogen •Nitrogen •Oxygen •Phosphorus •Sulfur Remember: CHNOPS |
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Name 4 OrganicMolecules- Are built by living cells and contain Carbon. |
•Carbohydrates •Lipids •Proteins •Nucleic Acids |
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Biological/Organic Molecules are.. |
largemacromolecules build of smaller, repeating sub-units, like beads on anecklace. |
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Smallsub-units are |
•Monomers |
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Longchains of the monomers are |
•Polymers. |
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http://prntscr.com/gq2818 : What is this? |
Monomers combining |
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______ things continuously work between putting ______ together and taking themapart. |
1. Living 2. molecules |
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DehydrationSynthesis |
puttingtogether by removing a molecule of water. Remember this: http://prntscr.com/gq2by7 |
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Hydrolysis |
Takingapart by adding water. |
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Metabolism |
allthe chemical reactions taking place in living things |
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•What is required when combining monomersinto polymers? |
Energy |
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•What is released from the hydrolysis ofpolymers into monomers? |
Energy |
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Simple Carbohydrates are |
1 or 2 sugar molecules |
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Do Carbohydrates taste sweet? |
Yes |
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What kind of burning energy does it provide? and how much |
1. Clean 2. 4cal/gr |
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Name 3 example of a carbohydrate |
Glucose, Fructose, and lactose |
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http://prntscr.com/gq2hrt given in the slide, these are which molecules combining? |
Simple Carbohydrates combining |
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Polysaccharides are also called? |
ComplexCarbohydrates |
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Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) are long ______ of ________ |
1. chain 2. sugars |
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Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) taste _____ |
bland/plain |
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Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) provide _______ burning fuel. and how much? |
1. clean 2.4cal/gram |
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Give 3 examples of Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) |
Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen |
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Examples of Starch |
potatoes,rice, bread, pasta |
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Cellulose |
Plant cell walls=fiber |
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what is madein the liver, and stores excess sugar for 24 hrs? |
Glycogen |
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4 functions of Lipids |
1.Long term energy storage 2.Builds cell membranes 3.Builds hormones and cholesterol 4.Oils, waxes, and fats |
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What are proteins? |
longchains of amino acids. |
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Proteins can be ________, they build us. Give 3 examples of this. |
1.Collagen 2.Melanin 3.Hemoglobin |
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What are enzymes and what can they possibly be according to the slide? |
Proteins can be enzymes. Enzymes run everychemical reaction in a living organism. |
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Give an example of an enzyme and what does it do? |
Lactase is the enzyme that breaks apart thedisaccharide lactose. |
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What are nucleic acids? |
long chains of nucleotides |
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2 examples of nucleic acids |
DNA AND RNA |
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What is this? holdthe instructions for building the amino acid sequences of protein. They tellthe cell which proteins to make and how to make them. |
Nucleic Acid |
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TheHydrolysis of Starch would produce which of the following? 1.Monosaccharide 2.AminoAcid3 .Nucleotide 4.Steroid |
1.Monosaccharide |
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Proteinsare polymers of the monomer… A. Nucleic acids B. Amino acids C. Monosaccharide D. Fatty acids |
B Amino Acids |
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Hydrolyticenzymes would do which of the following.. A.Break down starch into sugar B.Put together amino acids to build proteinC.Assemble new copies of DNA D.Build glycogen in the liver from excesssugar in the blood. |
A. Break down starch into sugar |
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Whichof the following is NOT a monomer of a polymer? A.Amino acid B.DNA C.Monosaccharide D.nucleotide |
B. DNA |
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Wateris a ___________ molecule. |
Polar covalent |
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It isthe universal solvent. - Is a quality of? |
Water |
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•It doesn’t change temperature easily. - Is a quality of? |
Water |
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•Hydrogen Bonds form between watermolecules. (It sticks to itself) - Is a quality of? |
Water |
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What are ions( also known as electrolytes) |
atoms with a charge |
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Below pH 7 are |
Acids |
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Above pH 7 are |
Bases |
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Neutralsolutions have an equal amount of H+ and OH- groups. They are not corrosive. PH of 7. What is this? |
Water |
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We all began as one fertilized egg cell.We are now built of many cells. Thematerial to build all those new cells came from food. We continue to build newcells from the food we eat. We will lookat those cells next. |
Biological Molecules |
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thesmallest unit of life that exhibit all characteristics of life. |
Cells |
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•Cell Theory (3) |
–Allliving things are made of cells. –Cellsare the functional unit of organisms. –Allcells are derived from previously existing cells. |
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How small are cells? |
Less than 1 mm |
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Why must cells be small? |
inorder for an adequate supply of nutrients from the environment to cross the cell surface and quickly move toall areas of the cell.} |
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What are the two main types of cells? |
Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells |
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These are traits of... –DNAnot contained in a nucleus. –Simpledesign with fewer parts inside the cell. (organelles) –Nomembrane bound organelles –Smallercells. –Bacteria |
Prokaryotic cells |
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These are traits of... –DNAcontained in a membrane bound nucleus. –Manymembrane bound organelles. –Complexstructure –Allplant, animal, and fungi made of this type of cell. |
Eukaryotic Cells |
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Organelles |
•Subcellular structures that performspecialized functions within the membrane spaces inside the cell. •Suspended in a gel like fluid within thecell called CYTOPLASM. |
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PlasmaMembrane |
The outer boundary of ALL cells•Controls what enters and leaves the cell |
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Nucleus |
•Contains genetic material DNA •Nuclear membrane surrounds nucleus. •Found only in eukaryotic cells. |
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Ribosomes |
•Function to assemble proteins. •Found in ALL cell types. |
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Chloroplasts |
•Site of photosynthesis •Capture light energy and convert it tofood (sugar). •Found only in plant cells. |
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Mitochondria |
•Site of aerobic cell respiration –burning of food. •Found in all eukaryotic cell. |
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Endomembranesystem |
•System of membrane structures that worktogether to transport large materials into or out of the cell. |
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EndoplasmicReticulum (ER) |
Nuclear membrane surround nucleus,connects to ER. systemof passages |
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What is rough ER and give an example |
ribosomesassemble proteins for export out of the cell.(ex. Insulin) |
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What is SmoothER and give an example |
sysnthesis of lipids.(cholesterol) |
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Golgiapparatus |
packagesand processes materials for export out of cell |
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Secretoryvesicles |
transports materials to cell membrane andreleases them |
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Lysosomes |
containenzymes that will digest large particles. (found only in animal cells.) |
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Remember this: http://prntscr.com/gq46jw |
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Cytoskeleton |
•Maintains cell shape (structural) •Allows cells and organelles to move |
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Cilia and Flagella perform what function? |
Cilia and Flagella move liquid past the surface of the cell |
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The centrioles perform what function? |
They direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division |
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Which structures are only found in plant cells? |
Cell Wall and Chloroplast |
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Which structures are only found in animal cells? |
Lysosomes and Centrioles |
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Remember this: Each organelle within the cell has aspecific job. It contains all the tools (enzymes) within that structure to getthe job done. Materials move into the cell to be used for energy or buildingstructures. Materials made by the cell may be used within the cell or releasedout of the cell. Efficiency in a highly organized living system requires agreat deal of energy. |
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Phospholipids |
§Twolayers Hydrophilicphosphate end (toward edges) §Hydrophobicfatty acid tails (interior) §Lipidmolecules separate the watery interior of the cell from the water environment. |
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ChannelProteins |
providepassageways for some materials to pass across cell membranes |
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.Glycoproteins/ Glycolipids |
carbohydratechains attached to cell surface to act as recognition sites. |
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ReceptorProteins |
siteson cell surface for binding specific molecules that are used in communicationbetween cells. (ex. Hormones and neurotransmitters) |
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Cholesterol |
regulatesthe fluid texture of the lipid cell membrane. |
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What can diffuse through the cellmembrane? http://prntscr.com/gq4mio |
H20 (water) and noncharged molecule |
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Simplediffusion |
where molecules move from a highlycrowded area to a less crowded area. Thecell does NOT have to spend energy to move molecules this way. |
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FacilitatedDiffusion |
Moleculesmove from crowded areas to less crowded areas, but must pass through a proteinchannel to cross the cell membrane. (NO energy needed.) |
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Activetransport |
moleculesmove from less crowded areas to more crowded areas. This requires a proteinpump and the spending of energy. |
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Osmosis |
–specifically the movement of water molecules from where water is crowded towhere water is less crowded |
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Traits of Osmosis |
►Water moves freely across membrane ►Many other molecules dissolved inwater cannot move through the membrane. ►Water will move due to soluteconcentration difference. |
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Hypertonic |
►Highsolute concentration |
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Hypotonic |
Lowsolute concentration |
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Isotonic |
►Equalsolute concentration. |
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►Wateralways moves from hypotonic towardhypertonic solutions. |
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Endocytosis(Phagocytosis) |
cellssurround a large particle with a section of the cell membrane. The formed vessicle pinches off inside the cell. |
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Exocytosis |
secretoryvessicles migrate to cell membrane and fusewith the cell membrane, dumping the contents of the vessicle outside the cell. |
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ATP |
theusable form of energy for a cell. |
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•Living things release the energy storedin food (chemical energy) and put it back into chemical bond energy in ATP. |
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•When the third phosphate is hydrolyzed,the energy released is used for all cell activities. (movement, activetransport, synthesis of macromolecules, body heat.) |
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•Energy cannot be created or destroyed, itjust changes form. |
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•Life requires a constant input of newenergy to maintain order and organization, (the sun). |
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•Enzymes will react with only ONE molecule (substrate) |
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Synthesis Reactions(putting together) |
Enzymesbring molecules close together at the active site, causing them to reactquickly. |
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Degradation Reactions(taking apart) |
Enzymesstress the molecular bond at the active site, causing it to come apart quickly. |
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•Heat and pH can cause a protein to unfoldand change shape. (Denature) |
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•Coenzymes and Vitamins may bind to theenzyme and help it work better. Give examples |
copper,zinc, iron and niacin and B12. |
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Cell Respiration |
:Releasing the energy from food molecules |
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Glycolysis |
splitting sugar |
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Fermentation |
•partialbreakdown of sugar even if oxygen is not available. (only 2 ATP made) |
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Whydo cells copy themselves? (3) |
Growth – increasing the number ofcells. Repair – replace cells that aredamaged. Reproduce – (unicellular organisms) |
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Prophase |
•Chromosomes are visible. •Nucleus is dissappearing. •Spindle fibers are visable. |
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Metaphase |
•Duplicated chromosomes are arrangedsingle file along the equator of the cell. •The spindle apparatus is visible at bothpoles of the cell. |
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Anaphase |
•Sister chromatids are separated and pullapart toward opposite poles of the cell. |
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Telophase |
•Two new nuclei start to form. •Cell begins to pinch in at the sides. |