Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions common to all life |
-Nutrition -Transport/Distribution -Respiration -Excretion -Response to environment -Reproduction |
|
Themes of biology |
1. Organization 2. Information 3. Energy and matter 4. Interactions 5. Evolution |
|
Domain Bacteria |
Bacteria |
|
Domain Archaea |
prokaryotes know as archaea |
|
Domain Eukarya |
-Kingdom Plantae -Kingdom Fungi -Kingdom Protists -Kingdom Animalia |
|
Proton |
- +1 charge - 1 dalton - Location nucleus |
|
Neutron |
-Neutral charge - 1 dalton - Location nucleus |
|
Electron |
- Charge -1 - negligable - Location Outside |
|
Maximum number of electrons in each energy shell |
- 1st shell- 2 electrons - 2nd shell- 8 electrons - 3rd shell- 8 electrons |
|
What is 1H2 1H3 |
deuterium tritium |
|
Atomic weight |
measured in units called daltons - 1 dalton= 1 proton |
|
What is a mole? Molarity? |
6.02 x 10^23 Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
|
Isotopes |
- Stable isotopes - Unstable isotopes- Raidoactive -helpful - harmful
|
|
Half-life |
- A fixed amount of time for half the quanity of a particular isotope to decay to a stable element. - U238 - 4.5 billion years - C14 - 5,730 years |
|
Enegry |
the capacity to do work |
|
Potential energy |
the energy that matter has because of its location or structure |
|
Ionic bonds |
lose or gain electrons |
|
Covalent bonds |
-share electrons -strong bonds -polar -nonpolar |
|
Electronegativity scale |
- O=3.5 - N=3.0 - C=2.5 - H=2.1 |
|
Non polar covalent bonds |
- Atoms have similar electronegativity - Electrons are shared equally |
|
Polar covalent bonds |
- Unequal sharing of electrons - Atoms become slightly charged - i.e. H2O |
|
Ionic bonds |
-Formed by the movement of electrons from one atom to another. - Attraction between a cation and anion |
|
1. Cation 2. Anion |
1. positively charged ion 2. negatively charged ion |
|
Hydrogen bonds |
- Weak - Forced attraction between polar covalent or charged regions of molecules |
|
Van der Waals Interactions |
- Asymmetric arrangement of ions resulting in "hot spots" of positive or negative charge. - Causes attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges. - i.e. interactions between molecules of a gecko's toe hairs and a wall surface. |
|
Water's Properties |
1. Cohesive behavior 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent |
|
Cohesion and Adhesion |
-Cohesion: when the molecules want to be together (they stick) - i.e. surface tension -Adhesion: water bondng to the glass being held together by hydrogen bonds. The glass is charged as well |
|
Temperature vs. Heat |
-Temperature: measures of the average kinetic energy of the molecules -Heat: total kinetic energy of the molecules
|
|
Calorie |
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C |
|
What causes water's high specific heat? |
Hydrogen bonds |
|
Water expands when it freezes |
- Maximum density a 4 degree C. - Below freezing hydrogen bonds resist breaking and lock water molecules in an expanded lattice-like bonding pattern -Ice is less dense than water so it floats |
|
1. Solution 2. Solvent 3. Solute 4. Aqueous solution |
1. a liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of substances. 2. the dissolving agent of the solution 3. the substance that is dissolved 4. one in which water is the solvent |
|
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic |
- Ions and polar covalent molecules easily dissolve in water - Nonpolar substances will not dissolve in water -Hydrocarbons - Fats and Oils |
|
Hydrogen ion (H+) |
- The hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton |
|
Hydroxide ion (OH-) |
Molecule that has lost the proton |
|
Hydroniumion (H3O+) |
Molecule with the extra proton. Often represented as (H+) |
|
Acid |
a substance that gives off hydrogen ions in a solution. increases the [H+] concentration |
|
Base |
a substance which removes hydrogen ions from a solution thereby reducing the [H+] concentration |
|
Buffers |
substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution |
|
Wohler (1828) |
Synthesis of urea |
|
A.I. Oparin (1924)and John Haldane (1929) |
Hypothesizes that the primitive atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere H2 NH3 CH4 H2O Organic compounds were synthesized in the primitive oceans |
|
Harold Urey (1893-1981) |
University of Chicago won Nobel prize in chemistry for the discovery of deuterium |
|
Stanley Miller (1953) |
Miller-Urey experiment to test the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis |
|
What makes molecules different |
- Length and configuration of carbon chain - Types of covalent bonds - Presence of other elements - Isomers - Functional groups |
|
1. Methane 2. Ethane 3. Propane 4. Octane 5 Ethene 6. Ethyne |
1. CH4 2. C2H6 3. C3H8 4. C8H18 5. C2H4 6. C2H2 |
|
Isomer |
Same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
|
Seven most important functional groups |
1. Methyl group 2. Hydroxyl group 3. Carbonyl group 4. Carboxyl group 5. Amino group 6. Sulfhydryl group 7. Phosphate group |
|
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
important source of energy for cellular processes Adenosine attached to three phosphate groups |
|
Classes of large biological molecules |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids |
|
Polymer Monomer |
Polymer: Carbohydrate Protein Nucleic Acid Monomer: Simple sugar Amino acid Nucleotides |
|
Dehydration synthesis |
Bonding of two monomers through the loss of a water molecule |
|
Hydrolysis |
The revers of dehydration synthesis |
|
Monosaccharides |
CH2O Can be anywhere from C3 to C7 triose sugars, pentose sugars, hexose sugars |
|
Disaccharides |
formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides bond called glycosidic linkage |
|
Polysaccharides |
storage of glucose structural roles (determined by its sugar monomers and the position of glycosidic linkages) siginals in the cell |
|
Starch and Glycogen |
Starch: a storage polysaccharide of plants (consists of entirely glucose monomers) Glycogen: a storage polysacchride in animals (consists entirely of glucose monomers) |
|
Lipids |
-Not polymers - Composed of CHO CHO not 2:1 ratio of H:O - Hydrophobic -Fats, Phosopholipids, Steroids |
|
Fats |
-Nutrient storage -Insulation -Cushion -Composed of: -3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol - fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage -Triglyceride |
|
Protein |
-Control of chemical reactions -Structural support -Storage -Transport -Cellular communications -Movement -Defense against foreign substances -is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one ore more polypeptides |
|
Amino Acid |
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups differ on their R group there are 20 |
|
Nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic |
1. Glycine 2. Alanine 3. Valine 4. Leucine 5. Isoleucine 6. Methionine 7. Phenyalanine 8. Tryptophan 9. Proline |
|
Polar side chains; hydrophilic |
1. Serine 2. Threonine 3. Cysteine 4. Tyrosine 5. Asparagine 6. Glutamine |
|
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic |
Acidic (negatively charged) 1. Aspartic acid 2. Glutamic acid Basic (positively charged) 1. Lysine 2. Arginine 3. Histidine |
|
Protein structure |
functional protein consist of one or more polypeptids precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape sequence of amino acids determine the 3D structure |
|
Four levels of Protein structure |
1. Primary: unique sequence of amino acids 2. Secondary: coils and folds the popypeptide chain. Determined by hydrogen bonds 3. Tertiary: Globular structure. Formed from interactions among various side chains 4. Quaternary: consists of multiple polypeptide chains. Interfolding of multiple polypeptides |
|
Denaturation |
the loss of a protein's native structure, becomes biologically inactive |
|
Nucleic acids |
store, transmit, and help express hereditary information. the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a gene Genes are made of DNA DNA is a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides Two types: DNA and RNA |
|
DNA and RNA |
DNA: provides directions for its own replication. Directs synthesis of messenger RNA which controls protein synthesis (mRNA) |