Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hydrostatic Skeleton Advantages and Disadvantages |
Advantage: More flexible, movement requires less energy, helped by H2O Disadvantage: No protection of internal organs, must have H2O available |
|
Endoskeletion advantages and disadvantages |
Advantage: Provides flexibility and protection of internal organs, can grow with organisms Disadvantage: Soft on outside, does not prevent dehydration, human bones can be heavy energy intensive with movement |
|
Exoskeletion advantages/disadvantages |
Advantage: Protection of organs from predators, provides shape and structural support Disadvantage: Movement not agile or quick, limits growth of individuals |
|
What are muscle fibers made out of? |
Repeating units called sarcomeres |
|
Sliding filament theory |
Actin are the thin filaments Myosin are the thick filaments Actin and Myosin slide past each other |
|
Autotropth |
An organism that makes its own food (Plants) |
|
What is respiration? |
The physiological process by which an animal exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment |
|
How do O2 and CO2 move in water? |
O2 diffuses into cells, CO2 diffuses into water |
|
What is diffusion? |
Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low |
|
Incomplete Digestive System |
Sac-like gut with one opening in the body surface for food to enter and waste to leave |
|
Complete digestive system |
A tubular gut with an opening at both ends (Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus) |
|
Intracellular digestion |
Occurs when cells take in food particles and break them down with enzymes to extract nutrients |
|
Extracellular digestion |
The breakdown of larger pieces of food using enzymes in the body cavity and cell takes in nutrients |
|
Open Circulatory System |
Heart pumps hemolymph into open-ended velssels Makes direct exchanges with cells |
|
Closed Circulatory System |
Heart pumps blood through a continuous network of vessels (Closed system redistributes substances faster than open system) |
|
Crops |
A modified portion of the esophagus that can expand |
|
Gizzard |
Grinds food with small pebbles or sand grains that the animal ingests for this purpose |
|
Ruminant digestiive system |
Acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion with the help of bacteria |
|
Rumination |
The process of rechewing cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion |
|
Ruminants |
Have 4 chambered stomach |
|
Herbivore digestive systems |
Herbivores must eat more food, invest more time, and have more tactics for breaking down food than carnivores because plants contain less protein |
|
Herbivores |
4 chambered stomach length of intestines 27x longer than body Flatter, grinding teeth Less acits Secum is larger |
|
Carnivores |
Saliva - digestive enzymes 1 chambered stomach Length of intestines 6x longer than body Sharper teeth Stronger stomach acids Small, useless secum |
|
Atria |
Receive blood from body or lungs |
|
Ventricles |
Receive blood from atria, contract to send blood to body or lungs |
|
Pulmonary Circulation |
Circuit through the lungs where blood is oxygenated |
|
Systemic circulation |
Circuit through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood |
|
Roles of the respiratory system |
Air moves past vocal cords to enable speech Inhaled molecules stimulate olfactory receptors in the nose Contributes to acid-base balance Contributes to maintenance of body temp |
|
Respiratory membrane |
Location of gas exchange between alveolus and pulmonary capillary Oxygen and CO2 diffuse passively, driven by the partial pressure gradients |
|
Oxygen transport |
Oxygen that enters blood diffuses into red blood cells Binds to hemoglobin Binding is reversible |
|
Four tasks of processing food |
Ingestion Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Absorption Elimination |
|
Peristolsis |
Muscular contractions of intestines that keeps food moving |
|
Need to know enzymes |
Salivary Amylase Pepsins Lipase: Digests fats |
|
Accessory Organs |
Gallbladder Liver Pancreas |
|
Pancreas |
Secretes enzymes & bicarbonate into the small intestine Secretes insulin to the blood to keep blood sugar levels under control |
|
Liver and Gallbladder |
Filters/Detoxifies blood from GI tract Makes bile - stored in gallbladder |
|
Functions of circulatory system |
Generate blood pressure Transport blood Exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaires Regulate blood flow as needed |
|
Pathway of blood |
Heart and arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > venules > veins > back to heart |
|
Artery and arteriole layers |
Inner epithelium, thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue, outer connective tissue |
|
Capillaries |
Microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules Made of one layer of epithelial tissue |
|
Vein and venule layers |
Inner epithelium, thick smooth muscle, outer connective tissue |
|
Population |
Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time |
|
Habitat |
The type of place where a species normally lives |
|
Community |
All species living in a habitat |
|
2 components of species diversity |
Species richness: Number of species Species evenness: Relative abundance of each species |
|
Factors of community structure |
Abiotic factors such as climate, geology Gradients of topography: landform diversity Disturbances such as wind, ice, fire Species interaction |
|
Commensalism |
A species interaction in which one species benefits with the other not benefiting Example: Cattle egrets follow cattle and feed off of the insects that the cattle stir up |
|
Mutualism |
A species interaction in which each species benefits by associating with the other |
|
Facultative mutualism |
The species can live without their mutual partner Example: Nile crocodile and egyptian plover. Plover cleans croc teeth and eats stuff it finds |
|
Obligate mutualism |
Species are dependent on the relationship and cannot live without each other Example: Goby and pistol shrimp. Shrimp is blind, goby keeps lookout while shrimp builds tunnel, goby lives in tunnel |
|
Interference competition |
One species actively prevents another from accessing a resource Example: Golden eagle and magpi fox |
|
Exploitative competition |
Species reduce the amount of a resource available to the other by using that resource Example: Gazelles are prey for cheetahs and lions |
|
Competetive exclusion |
When two species require the same limited resource to survive or reproduce, the better competetor will drive the less competetive species to extinction in that habitat |
|
Prey defenses |
Exoskeletions, unpleasant taste, toxic chemicals or stings, physical adaptations such as camoflage |
|
Evolutionary armory example |
Spraying beetles and grasshopper mice. Spraying beetles spray noxious chemicals, but grasshopper mice eat the part that doesn't pray |
|
Some physical adaptations of prey |
Warning coloration - Poison dart frog Mimicry - Monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly, scarlet king snake and eastern coral snake Camouflage: Praying mantis, seahorse |
|
Herbivory |
Animals feeding on plants |
|
Two defenses in response to herbivory |
Some plants withstand and recover quickly from loss of their parts Some plants have physical deterrents or chemical deterrents |
|
Parisitism |
One species benefits by feeding on another, without immediately killing it |
|
Endoparasites |
Live inside their host |
|
Ectoparasites |
Attach to the host's external surface Example: Lampreys |
|
Brood parasitism |
One egg-laying species benefits by having another raise its offspring Example: Cowbird |
|
Parasitoids |
Insects that lay eggs inside other insects |
|
Symbiotic relationship |
An association between 2 or more species where at least one benefits |
|
Ecological succession |
A process in which one array of species replaces another over time |
|
Primary successon |
Occurs in a barren habitat Begins when pioneer species colonize a barren habitat with no soil |
|
Stages of primary succession |
1: Lichens and mosses 2: Herbs and low shrubs 3: Small trees 4: Evergreens, then deciduous 5: Climax community |
|
Secondary Succession |
Soil is already there Follows disturbances that leave significant legacy Process much faster |
|
Trophic Levels |
All oranisms of an ecosystem take part in a hierarchy of feeding relationships Each level of an ecosystem is represented as a trophic level |
|
Producers |
Self feeders that are part of the first trophic levels Take solar energy and convert it into chemical energy |
|
Primary Consumers |
Organisms that consume producers and are part of the second trophic level |
|
Secondary Consumers |
The third trophic level which prey on primary consumers |
|
Tertiary Consumers |
Predators that feed at the higher trophic level |
|
Detritivors and decomposers |
Consume non-living organic matter Play a major role as the community's recyclers |
|
Energy flows one way |
Producers capture light energy and convert it to bond energy in organic molecules Metabolic reactions break bonds and give off heat, which is not recycled |
|
Keystone species |
Removal causes collapse Example: Sea Stars. They prevent mussels from taking over |
|
Biomagnification |
The increase in concentration of a substance in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food |
|
Main indicators of climate change |
Humidity, Temp over ocieans, sea surface temp, sea levels, sea ice, ocean heat content, air temp near surface, glaciers, snow cover, temp over land |
|
Direct impacts on environment |
Oil spills, mountaintop removal, overharvesting of natural resources |
|
Endemic species |
Species you find in a specific location |
|
Indirect impacts on environment |
Habitat fragmentation Desertification Introduced species Acid rain Climate Change |
|
Invasive species |
example: Kudzu vine, brown tree snake |
|
Clumped Distribution |
Example: Canada geese |
|
Near Uniform Distribution |
Example: Nesting Seabirds |
|
Random Distribution |
Dandelions |