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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Lymphatic vessels begin in _____
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tissues as blind tubes
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Lymphatic vessels drain into venous circulation via two lymphatic vessels named the ____
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thoracic duct; right lymphatic
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Extracellular compartment
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Spaces between cells and tissues
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Part of extracellular compartment containing interstitial fluid
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Interstitiial space
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Interstilia fluiud
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Fluid between this space
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The molecules go from _____ end to the interstitial fluid
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arterial
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To get back into systemic circulation moves on ____ side to blood vasculature
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veinous
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Large molecular weight proteins cab/can not move though venous end
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Not
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The _____ pick up the remainin 10 percent not going to the venous end
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Lymphatics capillaries
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Lymphatic vessels are much like ____ because they are ____
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veins (low pressure systems with vallves)
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Edema is abnormal accumulation of ______ in tissues
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fluid
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Edema typically occurs in the ___ cells of the _____ compartment
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interstital; extracelular
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Most common caumse of edema
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Abnromal leakage in fluid of blood across capillaries
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Second most common cause of edema
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Failure of lymphatics to transport fluid from interstitial spaces into the veinous syste
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In elephantitus there is a physical blockage of _______ leading to _____
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lymph nodes leading to edema
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Cause of elephantitus
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Mosquitoe born nematodes enter lymphatic system and reside in lymph nodes
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Lymph nodes reside along the path of _____
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lymphatic vessels
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Fluid within the lymphatic system is called ____-
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lymph
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Lymph nodes filter out ____
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foreign material found in the lymph
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Lymph nodes mount an ____
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immune response
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What is the definition of a serous membrane?
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A mesothelium (simple squeamous epithelium) sitting on a narrow framework of loose connective tiies that contains blood and lymphatic vessels
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Milroy disease results when the patient lacks ______
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valves in the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs leading to edema
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A serous membrane is a ____ epithelium
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Simple squeamous
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The serous membrane is a ____ membrane
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continuous
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Serous membranes line _____ that do not communicate with the outside world
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body cavities
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Parts of serous membrane
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Visceral part, parietal part
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Visceral layer is on the ____ layer of an organ
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Outer layer (surface) (anatomically connected with the outside of the organ)
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The _______ part lines the deep surface/walls of the body cavity that is covered with the visceral layer
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parietal
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Serous cavity is where the ___ layers faces the ___ layer such that their epithelial cells face eachother
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Visceral and parietal
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Serous fluid is derived from the ___ fluid of underlying connective tissue that lies below the epithelium
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interstitial
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Serous fluid is continually ___ and _____. How does it travel?
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produced and reabsorbed
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Out of serous cvvavity into lymphatic capillaries that reside in CT layer of serous membrane with graeter concentration in parietal layer
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Stoma are channels that connect the lumen of the ____ with the lumen of the ______
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lymphatic capillaries; epithelial cells of the parietal layer of the serous membrane
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Stoma are found only on the ___ side
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parietal
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Pressure inside a serrous cavity is slightly _____
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negative
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There are ___ serous caviities in males and __ in females
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6; 4
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Negative pressure in the serrous cavity accounts for
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a gradient in movement of fluids from the serrous membrane into the serrous cavity
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The serous cavity is ____ micrometers wide
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18-20
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Effusoion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid with a ______
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cavity or tissue space
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Serous cavity of the abdomen
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Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
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Common clinical site of effusion is the _______
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serous cavities
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There are _____ serous cavities in the thorax
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3
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What is the serous cavity of the perineum?
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The two tunica vaginalis cavities associated with two testicle
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Serous cavities of thorax
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2 plurae and pleural cavities and pericardium associated with hear
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Visceral layer of serous memberane received ____ innervation; receive their vascular supply from ____ and drain lymph into lyphatic vessels of _____
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autonomous; underlyinhg organ; underlying organ
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Parietal layer of a serous membrane receives innervation from _______; receives vascular supply from _____ and lymphatic drains into _____
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somatic nerve supply; adjacent organs; adjacent organs
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Serrous membrane of a lung is called __ and its cavity is called the _____
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plurae; pleural cavity
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Lungs develop from ____
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lung buds
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The lungs is _____ by the pleural cavity
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surrounded
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Cervical pleura location
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Abuts visecral pleura over apex; partially lies at root of neck
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The ____ is attached to the outer surface of the lung
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visceral pluera
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Location of costal pleural
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Lies adjacent to deep surface of ribs and intercostal spaces
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Visceral and parietal plurae are continuous at the _______ of the lung
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Root
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Location of medisteinal pleura
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Adjacent to various structures at the lateral part of the mediatseinum
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The ___ is the inferior extension between the visecral and parietal pleura
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pulmonary ligament
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Location of diaphrgmatic pleura
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Lies adjacent to upper surface of the diaphragm
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The pulmonary ligmante provides _____ in the plurae to accomodate changes in shape during respiration
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slack
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There is _______ pressire in the lung (pleural pressure). The function of nehgative pressure?
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negative
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Aids in mechanically coupling the lung with the thoraci wall and diaphragm
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The costal pleura lines _____
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Deep surface of thoracic wall
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_____ are regions of the pleural cavity where parietal plurae are apposed to other parietal plurae
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Plueral recesses
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A pleural recess is where ___ pleura faces ___ pleura. What is the function?
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parietal; parietal
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Accomodates change in size and shape of lung during respiration
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Two pleural recesses are ____ and ____
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Costodiaphrgmatic ; costomediasteinal
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A ___ is the site of continuity between two apposing layers of parietal plura
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Pleural refelction
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Two pleural refelctions
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Costal and sternal
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What is the costal pleural reflection?
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Pleural continutiy at costodiaphragmatic recess; where the cosdtal surface lining deep thoracic wall reflects onto superiro surface of abdomen and is renamed diaphragmatic pleura
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Where does the costal pleural refelction parallel
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Inferiro border of the lung
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Costal pleural reflection crrosses ____ ribs at the ____, ____ and ___ lines
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8, 10, 12 (lung cross 6,8,10) at the _____; midclavicular, midaxillary and scapular
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Inferior border of the lung is the __, ___ and ___ and the ___, ___ and ___ lines; Thus a costodihaphragmatic recess is ____ ribs and ____ intercostal spaces hig
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6,8,10 rib; midclavicular, midaxillary and scapular; 2 and 2
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Strenal pleural rfelection is the continuity at the ________ recess where the costal pleura is renamed the medisteinal pleura. The site of cpontinuity lies _____ to the sternum and parallels the _____ border of the lung
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costomediasteinal; posterior; anterior
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The pleural fluid is a ____-
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lubricant (frictionless encironment)
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Pluera provide a space for _____ size of lungs during inspiration
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increased
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The negative pressure within the pleural cavity help to keep the lungs _____
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expanded
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Pleural effusion is the abdnoraml accumularion of fluid in _____ and is the most common disordre of the plurae
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the pleural cavity
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Pleural enfusion can arise from
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penetrating wound
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Pleural effusion can also arise from an im balnce in _____ which may result from ____
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normal equilibrium between production and reabsorption of pleural fluid; bronchogenic carcinoma (cancer cells clog the lymph nodes which leads to interstital bulidup in lungs)
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___ is where the fluid of a pleural effusion is removed and a needle is passed through the intercostal splace. It can be therapeutic or diagnostic
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Thoracentesis
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Pleural effusion may also occur as a ____ response to an infection
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inflammatory
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____ is the accumulation of air within a poleural cavity. It results in part due to changes in ______
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Pneumothorax; pressure (now there is space at a higher pressure and air rushes in)
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Pneumpthorax may result from ____ or may occur ____
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trauma ; spontaneously
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Visceral pleural receive ____ innervation from the underlying lung; vascular supply from _____ and lyphatic drainage into lymph vessicles of _______
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autonomous NS; underlying lung; underlying lung tissue
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Parietal pleura receives sensory innervation from ______; vascual supply from ______ and has a rich lymphatic netowork in the connective tissue layer including ____ that drain into_______
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somatic nerve supply of adjacent structures and a veriety of sources (intercostal nerves for costal pleura, phrenic nerves for diaphragm); adjacent structures; stoma; lymphatic vessels of adjacent tissue
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Visceral pleura receives vascular supply from _____ circulation
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bronchial
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The function of the pericardium is to ______
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protect the heart and hold it in place in the medisteinum
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The serous membrane of the heart is called the serous _____
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pericardium
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Pericardium inclues
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Fibrous pericardium, serous percardium and pericardialcavity
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Connective tiisue of fibrous pericardium is continous with the ____ of the diaphragm
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central tendon
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The fibrous pericardium is continuous with the ____. Where does the parietall layer of the fibrous pericardium lie?
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outer adventitial layer of the great surfaces that enter and exit the heart; immediately deep to the fibrous pericardium
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The fibrous pericardium ismade up of
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strong, dense fibrous connective tissue
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Connective tiisue of fibrous pericardium is continous with the ____ of the diaphragm and is tethered to the ____ of the sternum
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central tendon; deep surface
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Serous pericardium has two layers: ____; The narrow space between teh two layers is called the _____. The heart is ______ by the ______.
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Visceral and parietal; pericardial cavity
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The visceral layer of the serous pericardium covers the______
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surface ofthe heart
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The parietal membrane lies deep to the ____ and lines the____
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fibrous pericardium; deep surface of the CT of the fibrous pericardium
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Fluid in cavity is called ______; Function of fluid is to ______; Abnroaml accunmulation of fluid in pericardial cavity is a ___; Complications of a pericardial effusion
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pericardial fluidl; provide frictionless environment for beating heart; Pericardial effusion
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Compresses the heart; the perciardial cavity cannot expand outward due to noncomplaint fibrous pericardium; pericardial cavity can readuly expand inward
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Nerve supply of fibrous pericardium and parietal layer
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phrenic nerves C3-C5
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A pericardial effusion thta is life threatningf
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pericaardial tamponade
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Visceral layer of pericardium receives _____ innervation from the _____
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autonomic; autonomic innervation of underlying heart
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tIn a pericardial tamponade fluid accumulates ____; Causes of pericardial effusion
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very quickly
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Pericarditis (response to microrganisms that have spread from other structures); obstruction of lymph flow due to malignant diseases (lung cancer) that block mediatinal lymph nodes through which lymph of the heart must flow; trauma
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Periocardiocedntisis
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Needle into pericardial cavity to withdraw fluid
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Serous membrane of the abdomen is called the
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Peritoneum
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Intraperitoneal is surrounded by _____ and can move _______
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peritoneum; more freely
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Retroperitoneal is ______ covered with peritoneum and is ___ moveable
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not; not as
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Secondarily retroperitoneal
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The organ was intraperoitoneal but during development the peritoneum obliterates and it is considered to be retroperitoneal - may still have msurface area covered with peritoenum but noyt to the extent of an intraperitoneal organ
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_____ fascia lines the deep surface of the abdominal wall
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Endoabdominal fascia
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____ is the next layer below the endoabdominal fascia and lines trhe abodneal walls and inferior surface of the diaphragm
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Parietal perotineum
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Portion of the periotenium initimately attached to the outer surface of the abdomen
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visceral peritoeum
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Site of continuation between visceral and parietal peritoneum
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top of the liver
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Example of retroperotoneal organ
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kidney
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The ___ attached the stomach to other organs
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omentum
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The omentum is ______ layer fold that one one end is connected to the _____
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2; stomach
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The _____ attached a large portion of the colon to the posterior abdmonal wall
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mesocolon
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The mesocolin is a ___ layer fold taht connect the ____ to other orgrans
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2;colon
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The ___ is a 2 layerr fgold that reflects off of the stomach and descedns in the abdomen and is continous with the peritenusm of the colon
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Greater omentum
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The ____ goes from the stomach to the liver/superior
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Lesser omentum
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The _____ attached the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
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messentary
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The serous cavity of the perineum is called the
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Perinoeal cavity
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The ___ is a 2 layrt fold that connects two structures that atre not stomach, small intestine, large intensine
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Peritoneal ligament
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The peritoneal cavity is divided into two subcavities:
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Greater and lesser space
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The perinoeal cavity has many ______
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pockets and recesses
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The greater and lesser sac are continuous thriough the ____ located under the liver
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omental forament of Winslow
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The _____ are important for the absorption of peritoneal fliud
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subphrenic spaces
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The subphrenic spaces are located
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immediately deep to the diaphragm
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Function of peritoneal fluid
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Frictionless environment allows organs to change size and shape
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What is a pertitoneal cavity effusion?
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Ascites
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The fluid of an ascites is called
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ascetic fluid
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Paracentisis
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Put a needle into peritoneal cavity to get asceitic fluid
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Most conmmon cayuse of ascites
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cirrohsis of the liver
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Terminal end of a uterine tube has an opening called
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abdominal osteum
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The abdominal osteum opens directly into the
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peritoneal cavity (only direct passageway to the body)
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Bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity. What causes the infection?
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Peritonits; Local source such as a perforated hollow organ or ingection of the female genitalk tract that extends up the uterine tubes and through the abdominal ostea
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Appendix receives neurovascual supply from
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the same visceral as the cecum
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Pain in the appendix tends to be
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diffuse and poorly localized
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Autonomic sensory fibers of the appendix enter the ____ level of the spinal cord which is the dermatome for the ______
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T 10 ; umbilicus
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Classic pain of appendicitus is ____
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sharo oain localized in RLQ
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Pain of appendicitus is from
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somatic pain associated with parietal peritoneum of the adjacent abdominal wall
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Periotonitis
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bacterial infection that results in asictes
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Causes if peritonieus
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ruptured organ, urinary tract infection, females susceptible
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Function of peritoneum
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storage site for fat, holds organ in postion, allows change in shape and size of abdominal organs, conduit for passage of the neurovascular supply to an organ
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The inguinal canal was created by an outcropping of the _____
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peritoneum
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The inguinal canal is a passageway through the ____ that connects_____
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Abdominal wall; the abdominal cavity with the perineal region of the body
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___ fascia describes endoabdominal fdascia on deep anterolateral wall
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transversalis
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Outpocketing of the peritoneum is called
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proceses vaginalis
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Processesus vaginalis creates trhe _____
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inguinal canal (process the same in M and F); pushes each layer
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In males gonads continue through _____ to scrotal sac
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inguinal canal
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Spermatic cord
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Organ that comes down when testes descend
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Round ligament of the uterus
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Organ with decseion of female
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There is a continiuty between the layers of the abdominal wall (with the exception of the _____) and the spermatic cord or round ligament
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transverse adbomdinal
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Point where pricesses vaginalis pushed through transversalis fascia
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Deep (internal inguinal) ring
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Posterior wall of the aponeuroisis of the external obliquel is called the
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transversalis fascia
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The anterior wall of the inguinal canal is the
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aponeurisus of the external oblique
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The floor of the inguinal canal is the
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inguinal ligament
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Roof of the inguinal canal is
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Arching muscle fibers of internal oblqiue and transverse abdominal
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Patent processens vaginalis
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viable open wound; continuity between perineum and process vaginalis in scrotal sac
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The abnormal protrusion of structure beyond its normal confines
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Herniation
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Indirect inguinal hernia is a herniation at the _____
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deep inguinal ring - piece of small bowel decsends down inguinal canal and can go as far as the scrotal sac
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Indirect inguinal canal hernia is through the _____
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deep inguinal ring
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A direct inguinal hernia protrudes ________
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against the inguinal (Hesslebach's) Triangle
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Three abnatomical structures of Hasslebach's triangle
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lateral margin of RA, inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric arteries
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There are __ regions of parietal pleura
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4
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Parietal pleura are named for the region thta ______
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it lies adjacent to
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Four regions of parietal pleura
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cervical, costal, diaphramatic and mediasteinal
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The serous cavity of a pleural membrane is a
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pleural cavity
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There are __ separate pleural cavities with no ____ between them
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2 (R and left); no
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Is pleural effusion a disease?
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No it's an underlying symptom
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Visceral peritoneum receives _____ innervation from ____
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Autonomic innervation ; underlying organs
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Parietal peritoneum receives ___ innervation from _____
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somatic; somatic nerves that innervate adjacent abdominal wall or diaphragm
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Where is the inguinal region?
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The junction of the anterolateral abdominal wall and the anterior thigh
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What is the superficial (external) ring? Where is it located?
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The site at which the processesus vaginalis pushed into the aponeurosis of the external oblique ; above and lateral to pubic tubercle and is at most medial and superficial end of inguinal canal
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What is one of the major factors contributing to indirect herniation?
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Patency of processus vaginalis
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