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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
accountability
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being able to accept responsibility or to account for one’s actions and refers being answerable to someone for something one has done.
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advance directives
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- the means used to document and communicate a persons’ preferences regarding life-sustaining treatment in the event that they become incapable of expressing those wished for themselves.
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adverse events
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- unexpected, undesirable incidents resulting in injury or death that are directly associated with the process of providing health care or services to a person receiving care
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advocacy
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- acting on behalf of another person
- speaking for persons who cannot speak for themselves - intervening to ensure that views are heard |
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answerability
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- being able to offer reasons and explanations to other people for aspects of nursing practice
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autonomy
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- refers to your ability to make choices for yourself that should be based on full understanding, free of controlling influences
- respect for another person’s autonomy is fundamental to the practice of health care |
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beneficence
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- means doing or promoting good for others
- involves taking positive actions to help others |
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bioethics
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- the general term for principled reasoning across healthcare profession
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biomedical ethics
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- denotes ethical reasoning for physicians
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care theory
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- about a type of virtue ethic that gives moral weight to caring for others
- important development in thinking about ethics because it moved attention from the traditional masculine virtues towards those that had traditionally been considered more feminine |
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code of ethics
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- outlines nurses’ professional values and ethical commitments to their clients and the communities they serve
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consequentialism
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- main emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of action
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constrained moral agency
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- if you feel powerless to act for what you think is right
- if you believe your actions will not effect change |
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cultural values
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- those adopted as a result of a social setting
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deontology
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- the system of ethics that is perhaps most familiar to practitioners in health care
- foundations are often associated with Immanuel Kant - actions are defined as right or wrong on the basis of their right-making characteristics such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice. |
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embodiment
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- means recognizing that the mind-body split is artificial and that healing for both client and family cannot occur unless “scientific knowledge and human compassion are given equal weight and it is recognized that emotion and feeling are as important to human life as physical signs and symptoms”
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engagement
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- means connecting with another person in an open, trusting, and responsive manner
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environment
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- concerns critical elements or characteristics of the health care system within which you work and how the nature of your relationships is affected by this system
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ethical dilemma
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- a conflict between two sets of human values, both of which are judged to be “good” but neither which can be fully served
- can cause distress and confusion for caregivers and clients |
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ethics
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- the study of the philosophical ideals of right and wrong behaviour
- also commonly refers to the values and standards to which individuals and professions strive to uphold |
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feminist ethics
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- look to the nature of relationships between people for guidance in working out ethical dilemmas
- the underlying values, according to a group of noted feminist nursing scholars, are social justice, relationships, and community - would propose that questions about the effects of the intervention on the mother are at least as important as questions about the effects on the fetus (ex.) |
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informed consent
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- consent to treatment on the basis of accurate and complete information
- the goal is to protect the client’s right to autonomy |
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justice
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- refers to fairness
- often used during discussions about resources |
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medical futility
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- a medical treatment that is considered nonbeneficial because it is believed to offer no reasonable hope of recovery from or improvement in the client’s condition
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moral distress
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- arises when there is inconsistency between one’s beliefs and one’s actions
- ex. Causing harm to clients in the form of pain and suffering from continuing treatment is a source of moral distress |
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moral integrity
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- “wholeness”
- nurses may lose their sense of moral integrity when they are committed to certain values and beliefs that are not upheld because of situational restraints |
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moral residue
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- a long-lasting discomfort that arises whenever they (nurses) face moral distress
- occurs from continued compromised integrity |
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morality
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- interchangeable with ethics and morality
- derived from an original meaning of “custom or habit” - generic term for various ways of understanding and examining the moral life |
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mutuality
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- loosely defined as a relationshp that benefits both you and the client and harms neither, requires your and the client’s willingness to participate in a relationship that embraces the values and ideas of one another as a means of developing new understandings, rather than judging the other person’s values and ideas
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nonmaleficence
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- the avoidance of harm or hurt
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relational ethics
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- ethical understandings are formed in, and emerge from, a person’s relationships with others, whether those others are clients, families, communities, or colleagues
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responsibility
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- implies an ability to distinguish between right and wrong
- includes duty to perform actions adequately and thoughtfully (in nursing) |
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social justice
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- often related to a concern for the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens in society
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teleology
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- the study of ends or final causes
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utilitarianism
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- the value of something is determined by its usefulness
- also known as consequentialism |
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value
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- at the heart of ethics
- influence behaviour on the basis of the conviction that a certain action is correct in a certain situation |
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values clarification
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- the process for appraising personal values
- not a set a rules; process of personal reflection |
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whistleblowing
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- reporting a colleagues errors, incompetence, unsafe or negligent practice, or abuse of clients
- one of the most difficult actions you must take in ensuring that safe, compassionate care, competent, and ethical care is met. |
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the seven values that must be upheld in nursing as stated by the Canadian Nurses Association Code of Ethics
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- Providing safe, compassionate, competent, and ethical care
- promoting health and well-being - promoting and respecting informed decision making - preserving dignity - maintaining privacy and confidentiality - promoting justice - being accountable |
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Seven steps of processing an ethical dilemma
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- determine whether the issue is an ethical one
- gather all the information relevant to the case - examine and determine your own values on the issues - verbalize the problem - consider possible courses of action - reflect on the outcome - evaluate the action and the outcome |