Hypovolemia

can be caused by any condition that causes volume depletion of the intravascular space. Characteristic findings are tachycardia, flattened neck veins, cool clammy extremities, and oliguria, small amounts of urine. It occurs when intravascular volume is depleted as a result of hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, or third space losses. Hypovolemic shock includes left ventricle failure and reduced blood volume. Also, there is a decrease in arterial blood pressure, increase in systemic vascular resistance, increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, decrease in central venous pressure, increase or decrease in pulmonary artery pressure, decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and decrease in cardiac output. The consequence of hypovolemia leads to inadequate perfusion, cell hypoxia, energy deficit, lactic acid accumulation and fall in pH, metabolic acidosis, cell membrane dysfunction and failure of the sodium pump, intracellular…

and involvement of compensatory mechanisms. Massive blood loss might produce only a negligible decrease in initial hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration. Hence, a very low hematocrit value obtained shortly after injury suggests either massive blood loss or a preexisting anemia. A normal hematocrit does not exclude significant blood loss. Base deficit and/or lactate levels are beneficial in determining the presence and severity of shock. Serial measurements of these parameters to monitor a…

kidney damage, atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack. If left untreated, it can lead to abruptio placentae, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral vascular accident, acute renal failure, and intrauterine growth restrictions for the fetus (Norton 2007).” This decreased circulation leads to significant changes as follows: Decreased renal perfusion reduces the glomerular filtration rate causing blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels to rise; Glomerular damage from the reduced renal blood…

reduced cardiac output. As a result of decreased contractility, the patient develops elevated left and right ventricular (RV) filling pressures and a low cardiac output. Decreased cardiac output indicates a decrease in circulating volume or a decrease in the strength of ventricular contraction. SVR (Increased): Systemic vascular resistance is the measurement of resistance or impediment of the systemic vascular bed to blood flow. An increased SVR can be caused by vasoconstrictors, hypovolemia,…

may be (Brown, 2005). The symptoms of anaphylactic shock can occur within 5 minutes, or more than an hour, after initial exposure (Anaphylaxis 2018). Prior to going in to anaphylactic shock, a patient will exhibit symptoms of anaphylaxis. The initial presentation of anaphylaxis occurs via swelling of mucous membranes (angioedema) and hives (urticaria). Other symptoms include, but are not limited to, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal upset, and dizziness. The quicker the symptoms occur, the…

Kambiz: Chronic cases of hypo hypernatremia. We usually send the blood sample to [xx] to measure serum osmolality, and we calculate the difference between the measured and the calculated serum osmolality mainly to see if there is a difference which is usually greater than nine. We call it a small gap that suggests something other than urea, nitrogen glucose, or sodium is contributing to serum osmolality. And this is usually an intoxication with alcohols and infusion of high plasma osmolality [?]…

Hemorrhagic Shock Christina Furino LVN semester Abstract Did you know that there are over thirty different kinds of shock; but upon those there is one major shock, Hemorrhagic shock that I will be discussing today. Hemorrhagic shock also known as hypovolemic shock is one of the most common kinds of shock. Hemorrhagic occurs when the body has insufficient blood volume to maintain adequate cardiac output. This can happen from GI bleeds, childbirth massive blunt force…

During the previous clinical rotation, I have always been accustomed to working with one patient, until I was given the opportunity to work with two. The difference between working with one patient and two is time consumption. I find myself spending more time writing information on my daily care map about two of the patients. It’s time consuming because I want to be able to gather important data in order to plan my care for the patients. I learned that using an SBAR worksheet helped me write…

A college student has been brought into the hospital by her two friends, they claim she has potentially taken ecstasy. Brittany (patient) has several symptoms and shows some evidence of this claim. Taking a blood test and reviewing data shows that she has not taken ecstasy, but is actually suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia occurs when sodium concentrations in the blood become to low. Brittany’s friends state she drank a lot of water to prevent a hangover. This is the main reason for her…

a. Circulatory shock is a medical condition where a decrease in blood flow causes damage to organs and tissues. There are four types of shocks: (1) Hypovolemic shock, (2) Cardiogenic shock, (3) Low resistance shock, and (4) Neurogenic shock. b. Major causes: i. Hypovolemic shock – blood loss, vomiting, and dehydration ii. Cardiogenic shock – heart attack, myocardial infarction, and CHF iii. Low resistance shock – allergies and sepsis causing vasodilation iv. Neurogenic – vasovagal syncope,…