Hypothyroidism

In recent years, thyroid nodules have become one of the common endocrine problems in the United States. The vast majority of thyroid nodules detected during physical examination are benign; however, 5-10% of palpable nodules prove to be malignant on biopsy (1, 2). On palpation, a solid thyroid nodule has a higher chance of being malignant (3,4). The American Thyroid Association and the American Society of Radiologists in the United States have defined various ultrasound (US) based prognostic…

Graves’Dissease is an autoimmune disorder which affects the Thyroid gland. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances…but in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s own cells and organs. Graves’Dissease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone…

Clinical Findings 1. The patient’s hands are tremoring. 2. The patient shows moderate enlargement of the thyroid gland. 3. The patient is sweating excessively. Laboratory Findings 1. The Free T3 and T4 levels are elevated. 2. TSH is lower than normal range which is usually .4 to 4.0 U/ml.. 3. Thyroid antibodies (TRAb and TBII) are present. 2. (15 pts.) What is exophthalmia? What are palpitations? What is the cause of each of these symptoms (be specific)? 1. When a patient has eyeballs…

The thyroid gland is an uncommon site for cancer, accounting for only 1-2% of all cancers with an annual incidence of 0.5 to 10 per 100000 in most population. However, thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. According to numerous reports, 1.8% of all cancers and 76.1 % of all endocrine cancers are formed by neoplasia’s of the thyroid gland. Age and gender affects the incidence of thyroid tumors. Reports collected between 2004 and 2010 showed that the incidence (per…

thyroid is damaged by the person’s immune system. To define it, Hashimoto’s Disease is an “autoimmune lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland closely associated with the presence of antithyroid autoantibodies and often resulting in chronic hypothyroidism.”(Brier, 2009) Due to the damages that occur, the thyroid is unable to function properly. My dad was recently diagnosed with this disease. Coping with Hashimoto’s Disease brings many lifestyle changes for the benefit of health; it is not…

The Medication Armour Thyroid is prescribed for treating an underactive thyroid. It is also used to treat or prevent certain types of goiters and to manage thyroid cancer. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. Armour Thyroid is a thyroid hormone. It works by replacing thyroid hormone when your body does not make enough on its own. You should use Armour Thyroid as directed by your doctor. Different people have different dosages based on how much they need. The…

Differential Diagnosis. Diagnosis of hypothyroidism is not easy because most of the symptoms, especially in mild cases, are nonspecific and are frequently attributed to other causes or to the aging process itself. This is especially a problem in older patients because symptoms such as fatigue, lack of concentration, dry skin, and many others are considered to be normal parts of the aging process. Three different clinical conditions; hypothyroidism, depression, and presence of anemia, share…

Have you heard of hyperthyroidism or know an individual who has hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism is a condition when the thyroid gland is overactive and indicates an increased metabolic rate (Blesi, Kelley-Arney, & Wise, 2012). Thyroid gland is an organ that is positioned in the front of your neck and releases hormones that control our metabolism (energy), breathing, heart rate, nervous system, weight, body temperature, and many other functions in the body and is part of the body’s endocrine…

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, what are the causes, clinical features, how would you diagnose and manage such patients? Secondary hyperparathyroidism usually results from parathyroid hyperplasia producing excess PTH. It is also characterized by low calcium. Etiology- • Usually it happens secondary to chronic renal failure. (90% of the CRF patients develop secondary hyperparathyroidism during initiation of dialysis. • Osteomalacia, rickets, severe vitamin D deficiency and malabsorption. •…

under the influence of pituitary hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Hypothyroidism is a condition in which there is no adequate secretion of thyroid hormones. By its nature may be primary, when the reduced secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, when the reduced secretion of TSH or TSH acquitted hormone from the brain structures, pituitary, and hypothalamus. The cause of hypothyroidism can be a lack of iodine in the diet, autoimmune processes (Hashimoto's…