Glucagon-like peptide-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone involved in glucose regulation. Made in the intestines and released in response to the rise in glucose from eating, GLP-1 plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin production and suppressing glucagon release. Additionally, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying and contributes to satiety. The combination of these factors contributes to glycemia, particularly following meals. Activity of GLP-1, much like insulin, is impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (Shaikh & Goldman, 2016). However, the advent of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) to the market in 2005 provided the option to restore this function and better refine glycemic management for people with T2DM…

thereby prevent degradation of incretin hormones [1]. There were a number of clinical evidences for this DPP-4 inhibitor drug to define its use in treating T2D, including the clinical phase I, clinical phase II and III studies, but this review only detailed descripted some typical clinical studies to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of this product. The oral alogliptin can work as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antihyperglycaemic agents in the treatment. The clinical subjects…

Rufinamide (Banzel) was designated as an orphan drug for use in the treatment of seizures that are caused by Lennox—Gastaut syndrome in patients older than four in 2004 by the FDA (Food and Drug Adminsitration).¬¬¬¬¬1 Lennox—Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a epileptic disease, commonly found in children, that is characterized a high rate of injury from seizures as well as a wide range of treatment-resistant seizures. In the past treatments were inadequate, leaving patients without much, but after the…

sitagliptin. DPP-4 inhibitors are a new class of anti-diabetic drugs that exhibit different mechanisms of action from conventional anti-diabetic drugs.1 They inhance the body’s own ability to lower blood glucose when it is elevated. This action of…

has been admitted to hospital. She has previously been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, and has been suffering from this since the age of 7. Carol is 6 weeks pregnant, and is showing signs of dehydration, high blood glucose, weight loss and changes in mood. It is important to understand the underlying cause of Carol’s symptoms to eliminate any problems in both her babies and her own health. This can be done through critically analysing the pathophysiology of her overall condition and her signs…

Insulin, one of the most important peptide hormone in the body, which plays significant role in maintaining the blood glucose level in the body. Under certain physiological conditions such as pregnancy, the body mechanism changes due to elevated levels of certain secretory factor like leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF-α, plasminogen activator and testosterone (McLachlan et al., 2006), which produces certain adverse effects, insulin resistance being the most prominent one, where the…

Fig.() The appetite control system in the brain. (A) The structural components of the system include the ARC (arcuate nucleus), PVN (paraventricular nucleus), LHA (lateral hypothalamus area), VMN (ventral medial nucleus), and DMV (dorsalmedial nucleus) at the hypothalamus; the NTS (nucleus tractus solitarii) at the brainstem; the NAcc (nucleus accumbens) and amygdala in the prefrontal cortex; and the cortex. (B) The major appetite signal reception and integration occur in the hypothalamus. In…

DPP4 is also known as CD26; ADABP; ADCP2; TP103 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of 110 kDa (DPP IV, EC3.4.14.5) that forms a homodimer or tetramer, which is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of a variety of cells particularly the kidney, liver, small intestine, and in a soluble form in plasma. This exopeptidase serine protease selectively cleaves L-proline or L-alanine at N-¬terminal dipeptides and inactivates the biologically active peptides from a variety of substrates including…

The first receptor I will be doing is the Somatostatin receptor there is so much behind this receptor. Somatostatin (SST), otherwise called somatotropin discharge restraining variable (SRIF), is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a focal and fringe neurotransmitter. Somatostatin has a wide conveyance all through the focal sensory system (CNS) and also in fringe tissues, for instance in the pituitary, pancreas and stomach. The different activities of somatostatin are intervened by…

Following the discovery of Leptin 22 years ago (Stanley, 2004), the true role of peripheral gut hormones, with regard to satiety modulation started to become more apparent; following this many more hormones have been shown to have hunger modulating effects, including Oxyntomodulin itself, as well as molecules such as Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. Oxyntomodulin is formed from a common preproglucagon precursor, this prohormone is found across the body, however, it is the processing of this prohormone…