Endocytosis

Animal Physiology As the meaning of word ’anatomy’ is the biological form of an animal, physiology means the biological function of an animal. Animal physiology differs in several ways from animal to animal, but all animals share some principal functions. Such functions are attaining nutrients, performing osmoregulation and excretion, and protecting themselves against pathogens. Animals manage these actions by exchanging with the environment. Exchanging is the action when substances in an…

Myasthenia Gravis Background Myasthenia gravis is a Type II autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against various types of receptors, kinases, or proteins (1). There are four subtypes of myasthenia gravis, with the most prevalent subtype being due to autoantibodies against the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor, AChR, at the neuromuscular junction (2; 3). The second subtype involves antibodies against the muscle-specific kinase, MuSK, and the third type is due to autoantibodies against…

Homeostasis - Stephie Loncar Homeostasis is the process within mammals where the body systems work together to maintain a stable response to a fluctuating environment within the body due to changes in the external environment and input into the body. This has an adaptive advantage over those who do not have this ability meaning an animal can adapt to a changing environment. However, within normal range limits only extreme conditions will lead to the breakdown of the negative feedback system and…

Dr. Gregory House is a 55-year-old single man; he lives in an apartment by himself and is the head of Diagnostic Medicine at Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital. Dr. Houses’ father was abusive in some instances he would make House take a cold bath and sleep outside thus leading to a very strained relationship between the two. Additionally, Dr. Houses ' relationship with his mother was tainted by her cheating on his father. In his mid-30’s, Dr. House suffered an infarction in his leg…

Question 1A: Compare and contrast the general structure of a virus and a bacterium. Bacteria and viruses both do not contain a DNA enclosing nucleus; however, these organisms differ greatly in the complexity of their structures. Generally a bacterium is encompassed within a semi-rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan, which provides structural support. It is classified as gram positive if its cell wall is thick and stains purple when tested for identification. If its cell wall is thin and stains…

Introduction The cell membrane provides a boundary between the intracellular environment and the extracellular environment. The membrane is selectively permeable only allowing some substances to pass through while some can’t. The cell membrane consists of two phospholipid bilayers. Each layer has an electrically charged, hydrophilic head, while the tail is an uncharged hydrophobic. The electrically charged head of these layers face toward the water as the uncharged tails face each other. This…

Surfactant Agents I. Definitions a. Surfactant: A surface-active agent that lowers surface tension i. Examples 1. soap 2. detergent b. Surface Tension: Force caused by attraction between like molecules that occurs at liquid-gas interfaces and that holds the liquid surface intact i. Units of Measure: dynes/centimeter (dyn/cm) 1. the force required to cause a 1 cm rupture in the surface film ii. a droplet forms because a liquid’s molecules are more attracted to each other than the surrounding…

It is generally accepted that a virophage is a viral agent that infects other larger viruses. It is a dsDNA virus which utilizes the replication factories of other viruses to reproduce itself. Virophages are essentially parasitic in nature, much in the same way as traditional satellite viruses. It is not without controversy that distinctions between satellite viruses and virophages are described. The difference between the two often seem more semantic than factual and more supported by…

Effect of concentration of melatonin on phagocytic index of Tetrahymena pyriformis Seth Arakawa, Emily Koziczkowski , Brianna Thompson, Jason Ware University of Portland, BIO 277, BC 2 April 17, 2018 Abstract Phagocytosis is the process used by many cells to digest foreign particles. This process plays a critical role in the immune system of many organisms. In this experiment, samples of Tetrahymena were introduced to varying concentrations of melatonin. The objective of this experiment was…

Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A Introduction Botulinum toxin was first identified as a cause of food poisoning over 100 years ago (Carruthers and Carruthers, 2009). Since then, there has been an identification of seven different serotypes labeled A-G; all produced by different strains of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is the main and most well-studied serotype that is used in cosmetic (Hurkadle et al., 2012). The BTX-A can be…