Electronegativity

The purpose for this experiment is to observe the emission of spectra from several atoms including hydrogen and helium. Measuring the wavelengths of these emitted spectra will allow us to calculate energies of emitted photons. It is important to note that we will be using the Bohr model of the atom to denote the orbit numbers from which electrons in the sample are relaxing from in hydrogen. This will be important for the conclusions that we will make based upon the calculations using the data…

The FTIR spectra of four phosphazenium salts and P5+ are shown in Figure S1. Four phosphazenium salts have characteristic absorptions at 2850 and 2930 cm-1, belonging to the stretching vibration of -CH2- and -CH-, respectively, and this peak in the P5+ represents the absorption of –CH3. All the five compounds exhibit absorption at 960, 1230, and 1442 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibrations of P–N. In the FTIR spectrum of Cy4P1+BF4-, the peaks at 1633 and 3432 cm-1 belong to water because…

Biology and chemistry go hand in hand, for instance all organisms are made of matter, and matter is considered as anything that has mass and takes up space. All matter is composed of elements, which are substances that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions. When two or more elements are put together, a compound is formed. A common compound that can be found in most American households is sodium chloride, known as table salt. Compounds have emergent properties, which are physical and…

One of the qualities of lead that make it one of the most highly studied heavy metals is its ability to enter and distributes into the body’s organ systems. Inorganic lead is absorbed by coming into contact with the skin, ingestion, and inhalation.* It is debated whether ingestion of lead or inhalation of lead caused the most significant damage and which one occurs more frequently. The physiological effects of lead can be seen soon after exposure. The uptake of lead in the body is influenced by…

The sixth element in the periodic table is one of the most important elements of them all, carbon. This element, located on group fourteen and period two of the periodic table, has an atomic number of 6 and a molar mass of 12.01; this means that it has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. The element is lightweight, fairly small, the fourth most abundant element on Earth, and is essential for living, growing, and reproducing. Carbon is found in all living and non-living organisms, in the form…

Panel 1 A small town misanthrope builds a Kevlar suit and goes on a merciless killing spree in this visceral thriller from director Uwe Boll. This is the synopsis of the movie RAMPAGE 2009. As horrifying a picture as this paragraph paints, one cannot help but wonder how this young man is standing unharmed in an explosion such as the one behind him on this poster. Perhaps we should take a look at what he is wearing. Is that the Kevlar suit? Why is he dressed in it from head to toe? Let’s find…

Introduction It is evident throughout the world today that the quality of water has become increasingly important in terms of not only ensuring that every individual has an adequate quality and quantity of the substance, but also for the maintenance and sustainability of the world’s natural environment (. However despite water quality remaining as an essential part of life for all living organisms, the influence of human developments involving farms and urban areas have brought a somewhat…

Water is a colorless, transparent and odorless liquid that exists in all three states of matter. It plays three major roles as the: a) universal solvent, b) reactant molecule, and d) temperature stabilizer. Water is created when Hydrogen and Oxygen undergoes synthesis reaction as 2H2 + O2  2H¬2¬O. In the process, an oxygen atom is covalently bonded to the two hydrogen atoms forming a non-linear molecular shape of water. According to the Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, the…

Discussion In this experiment, the chemical reaction between acetone (CH3COCH3) and iodine (I2) to make CH3COCH2I, I-, and H+ was observed. Under normal circumstances, this reaction would occur very slowly. In order to speed up the process, hydrochloric acid (H+) was used as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that can speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. It does this by changing the mechanism of the reaction and providing more energetically favorable…

One of the most unusual substances in chemistry, slime blurs the line between solid and liquid stages of matter. Slime and other substances like it are common in the average everyday life today, and yet are almost unnoticed. Slime is a colloid, a substance that shares both liquid and solid traits. Many colloids are polymers, which are a certain type of molecule. Although slime may seem simple, in reality it is quite complex in the microscopic standpoint. Slime can also be referred to as a…