Zoo370 Test 2 Chapter 5

Front 1

central nervous system

Back 1

Brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Three basic functional types of neurons

Back 2

Afferent

Efferent

And interneurons

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90% of the nervous system are

Back 3

Are nonexcitable glial cells

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The CNS

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Recieves input from afferent neurons Sorts and processes via interneurons and then gives directions to the efferent neurons and they carry the instructions to the muscle cells or glands to either move or secrete.

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Peripheral Nerve system

Back 5

Consists of nerve fibers that carry information between the cns to other parts of the body (PNS is Both Afferent and Efferent)

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Afferent division

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Carries info to CNS

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Efferent division

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Instructions from from cns are transmitted by the effector division to the effector organs

Divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system

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Somatic nervous system

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Consists of fibers of the motor neurons that control the skeletal muscles

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Autonomic nervous system

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Consists of fibers that control smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands is broken into 3 parts sympathetic parasympathetic and enteric

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Enteric nervous system

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Controls digestive organs only

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99% of all neurons are

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Interneurons

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Interneurons

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Are entirely in the cns they are between the Afferent and Efferent neurons they receive the signal from Afferent neurons and tell efferent neurons what to do

They are also responsible for the mind itself.

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Glial cells include

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Astrocytes oligodendrocytes, microglia ependymal cells

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90% of the cells in the CNA are not neurons but

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Glial cells

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Glial cells

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Maintain the composition of the extracellular environment and depress or enhance synaptic function. All glial cells have specific roles.

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Astrocytes functions

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Hold the nuerons together

Guides neurons to their final destination during fetal brain development

Induce small blood vessels of the brain to go anatomical and functional changes that makes the blood brain barrier.

They transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons s

Form neural scars to help brain injuries

Take up and degrade locally released neurotransmitters.

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Oligodendrocytes

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Form the myelin sheaths around axoms In the CNS

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Microglia

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Are immune defense cells for the CNS

They release low levels of growth factors such nerve growth factor

They eliminate uneeded synapses.

*Microglia are the only CNS cell that can be infected by HIV microglia dysfunction leads to AIDS related related dementia

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Ependymal cells

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Line the internal fluid filled cavities of the CNS

Ependymal lining helps form cerebrospinal fluid

Beating of ependymal cilia cells contributes the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricles

Ependymal cells serve as neural stem cells they can form other glial cells and new neurons especially after injury.

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Hippocampus

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A brain structure important for learning and memory

New neurons are also produced there.

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Ventricles

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Interconnected Chambers within the brain that are continuous with the narrow hollow central canal through the middle of the spinal cord

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Neurogenesis

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Production of new neurons

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Neurons in the rest of the brain besides hippocampus

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Are irreplaceable

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Brain tumors of non neural origin are of two types

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Those that spread from the brain from other sites

And meningiomas which originate from meniges

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Brain tumors of neural origin consists of

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Glial cells

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4 major features help protect the cns

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1.CRANIUM and vertabrae

2. Three protective and nourishing membranes the meninges

Dura mater (outer) arachnid mater (web-like) and pia mater.(inner most layer)

3. The brain floats in in cerebrospinal fluid

4. A highly selective blood brain barrier limits access to blood borne materials

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Cerebrospinal fluid

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Is meant to be shock absorbing

Is formed by choroid plexuses

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Hydrocephalus

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Water on the brain CSF must be replaced 3 times a day if any excess accumulates it can lead to brain damage.

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Parts of the brain

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Brain stem(midbrain, pons, medulla)

Respiration circulation and digestion

Cerebellum used for movement and skilled motor tasks (dance routine, basketball)

Forebrain

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus

Thalmus

Cerebrum

Basal nuclei

Cerebral cortex

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The most common cause of brain damage

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cebrovascular accident or stroke

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Neural networks

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Nuerons firing at the same time neuron information mechanism involving changes in the relative timing of action potential discharges among a functional group of neurons

Example:watching a ball bounce without having to examine it or put every together

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Ventral horn

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Cell bodies of somatic Efferent neurons

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Lateral horn

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Cell bodies of autonomic Efferent neurons

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Dorsal horn

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Cell bodies of interneurons on which Afferent neurons terminate

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Reflex

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Response that occurs without concious effort

5 components

1. Sensory receptor

2. Afferent pathway

3.intergratinf center

4.Efferent pathway

5. Effector organ

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Cerebral Cortex

Back 36

Divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres–

Connected by corpus collosum•Cerebral cortex is an outer shell of gray matter covering an inner core of white matter–

Gray matter: CNS “computers”

–White matter: “wires” that connect the computers

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Cerebral Cortex and Neural Networks

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Neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex may fire in rhythmic synchrony–Neural network or assembly•Cerebral cortex is organized into layers and functional columns–Functional differences result from different layering patterns and different input–output connections

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The four pairs of lobes in the cerebral cortex

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Temporal

Frontal

Pariental

Occipital

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what does the pariental lobe do

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The parietal lobes accomplish somatosensory processing

Sensations from the surface of the body, such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

Front 40

what does the frontal lobe do?

Back 40

The primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobes controls the skeletal muscles–Stimulation of different areas of the primary motor cortex brings about movement in different regions of the body

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Plasticity and Language in the Cortex

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The brain can be remodeled in response to varying demands

–Plasticity: ability to change or be functionally remodeled in response to demands

•Different regions of the cortex control different aspects of language

–e.g., Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area•

Language disorders–

Aphasias, speech impediments, and dyslexia

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Left cerebral hemisphere:

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logical, analytical, sequential, and verbal tasks

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–Right cerebral hemisphere:

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non-language skills

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The cortex has a default mode network that is

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most active when the mind wanders

–More active during resting states than during focused tasks

Front 45

Basal nuclei location and functions

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consist of several masses of gray matter –Located deep within the cerebral white matter•The basal nuclei play an important inhibitory role in motor control–Inhibiting muscle tone, maintaining purposeful motor activity, suppressing useless or unwanted movement, and monitoring and coordinating slow, sustained contractions

Front 46

The Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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The thalamus is a sensory relay station and is important in motor control–“Relay station” for preliminary processing of sensory input•The hypothalamus regulates many homeostatic functions–Collection of specific nuclei and associated fibers that lie beneath the thalamus–Integrating center for many important homeostatic functions

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the limbic system

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Consists of a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem •Interconnected by intricate neuron pathways•The limbic system plays a key role in emotion–Subjective emotional feelings and moods plus the overt physical responses associated with these feelings

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Behavior and Motivation is controlled by

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The limbic system and higher cortex participate in controlling basic behavioral patterns–Those aimed at individual survival and those directed toward perpetuating the species•Motivated behaviors are goal-directed–“Reward” and “punishment” centers–Homeostatic drives

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neurotransmitters in pathways for emotions and behavior are

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Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

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antidepressants

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)•Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)•Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)•Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

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Memory is laid down in stages

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Short-term memory –Long-term memory–Working memory