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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the scientific method?
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Method of inquiry (study) that includes carefully conducted experiments & mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments. New inventions & tools were used. p191
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What is the geocentric theory?
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Theory according to Hellenistic thinker Ptolemy that that the planet Earth is the center of the universe; literally means earth centered. p191
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What is the heliocentric theory?
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Theory developed by Copernicus that the sun is the center of the universe; literally means sun centered. p191.
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What is the scientific revolution?
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Transformation in thinking that occurred in the 1500s & 1600s caused by scientific observation, experimentation, & the questioning of traditional opinions. People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic, or ideas of ancient writers. p190
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What is the scientific revolution?
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Transformation in thinking that occurred in the 1500s & 1600s caused by scientific observation, experimentation, & the questioning of traditional opinions. People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic, or ideas of ancient writers. p190
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What is the scientific method?
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Method of inquiry (study) that includes carefully conducted experiments & mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments. New inventions & tools were used. p191
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What is the heliocentric theory?
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Theory developed by Copernicus that the sun is the center of the universe; literally means sun centered. p191
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What is the geocentric theory?
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Theory according to Hellenistic thinker Ptolemy that that the planet Earth is the center of the universe; literally means earth centered. p191
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Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
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Polish scientist of the 1500s who developed the heliocentric theory which hold that the sun is the center of the universe. p191
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Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
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Polish scientist of the 1500s who developed the heliocentric theory which hold that the sun is the center of the universe. p191
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Who was Ptolemy?
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Astronomer & Hellenistic thinker of the 100s whose geocentric theory held that the planet Earth is the center of the universe;. p191
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Who was Roger Bacon?
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Franciscan monk, English philosopher, teacher & scientist who in 1200s was one of the earliest to favor scientific experimentation over acceptance of religious/ancient beliefs. He studied at Oxford & Paris, was viewed as a leading scholar but practiced alchemy & AKA Dr Mirabilis (wonderful teacher). p190
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Who was Johannes Kepler?
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A German astronomer who with Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist helped to confirm Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe. Johannes Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who used models, observations & math to test theories. He published his laws of planetary motion in 1609. p192
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Who was Johannes Kepler?
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A German astronomer who with Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist helped to confirm Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe. Johannes Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who used models, observations & math to test theories. He published his laws of planetary motion in 1609. p192
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Who was Galileo Galilei?
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an Italian scientist who along with Johannes Kepler, a German scientist helped to confirm Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe. He is known for building a telescope. Galileo's discoveries formed the basis for the modern science of mechanics - the study of objects in motion. 192-193
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Who was Galileo Galilei?
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an Italian scientist who along with Johannes Kepler, a German scientist helped to confirm Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe. He is known for building a telescope. Galileo's discoveries formed the basis for the modern science of mechanics - the study of objects in motion. 192-193
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Who was Isaac Newton?
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An English scientist who in 1687 published a book building on the work of Copernicus, Kepler & Galileo. He proposed the law of universal gravitation, laws of motion & explained why planets moved as they do. p193
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Who was Isaac Newton?
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An English scientist who in 1687 published a book building on the work of Copernicus, Kepler & Galileo. He proposed the law of universal gravitation, laws of motion & explained why planets moved as they do. p193
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Who was Andreas Vesalius?
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A Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy. In 1543, he published a 7-volume book called "On the Fabric of the Human Body" with detailed illustrations. p193
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Who was Andreas Vesalius?
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A Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy. In 1543, he published a 7-volume book called "On the Fabric of the Human Body" with detailed illustrations. p193
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Who was William Harvey?
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An English physician who studied circulation of blood and described how blood moved through the veins & arteries. He also observed the workings of the heart. p193
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Who was William Harvey?
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An English physician who studied circulation of blood and described how blood moved through the veins & arteries. He also observed the workings of the heart. p193
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Who was Rene Descartes?
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A French philosopher & mathematician who was a leader of the Scientific Revolution whose ideas led to great advances in math, sciences, & philosophy. He developed a method of questioning that followed a clear, orderly progression of logical reasoning. Wrote book "Discourse on Method" in 1637. p194
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Who was Rene Descartes?
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A French philosopher & mathematician who was a leader of the Scientific Revolution whose ideas led to great advances in math, sciences, & philosophy. He developed a method of questioning that followed a clear, orderly progression of logical reasoning. Wrote book "Discourse on Method" in 1637. p194
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Who said "I think, therefore I am"?
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Rene Descartes
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Who was Francis Bacon?
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He was an English philosopher & science who believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation & repeatable experiments. He believed truths must be demonstrated physically & not through deductive thinking or reasoning. Wrote book "Novum Organum" p194
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Who was Francis Bacon?
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He was an English philosopher & science who believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation & repeatable experiments. He believed truths must be demonstrated physically & not through deductive thinking or reasoning. Wrote book "Novum Organum" p194
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Who was Robert Boyle?
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An English-Irish scientist who pioneered the modern science of chemistry. He showed that temperature & pressure affect the space that a gas occupies (Boyle's Law) p195
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Who was Robert Boyle?
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An English-Irish scientist who pioneered the modern science of chemistry. He showed that temperature & pressure affect the space that a gas occupies (Boyle's Law) p195
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What was a major accomplishment of Copernicus?
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Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory.
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What is a major accomplishment of Kepler?
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Kepler developed laws of planetary motion
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What is a major accomplishment of Galileo?
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Galileo observed objects in space with a telescope he developed.
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What is a major accomplishment of Vesalius?
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Vesalius studied anatomy and systems of the human body.
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What is a major accomplishment of Boyle?
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Boyle founded modern chemistry and described the effect of temperature & pressure on gas (Boyle's Law).
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What is a major accomplishment of Harvey?
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Harvey studied & described circulation of the blood and the workings of the heart.
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Why were the scientific development of the 1500s & the 1600s later called the Scientific Revolution?
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It dramatically changed the way people studied nature & replaced acceptance of traditional beliefs
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What did the work of Galileo, Newton, Vesalius, van Leeuwenhoek, & Lavoisier have in common?
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their work overturned old beliefs by using instruments, experiments and mathematics
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How did communications advances contribute to learning, discovery, and new scientific methods in Europe?
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The printing press carried new ideas through Europe through broadsides, and books.
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What is the compass?
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A navigational instrument created in the 1300s that used a magnetized piece of metal that points to the north. p196
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What is a joint-stock company?
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Business organization developed during the Commercial Revolution in which owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company. p197
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What is mercantilism?
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Economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world & that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take wealth away from another country. p198
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What is a favorable balance of trade?
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A situation that exists when a country sells (exports) more than it buys (imports). p198
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What is a tariff?
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Import taxes on foreign goods. p198
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What is the compass?
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A navigational instrument created in the 1300s that used a magnetized piece of metal that points to the north. p196
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What is a joint-stock company?
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Business organization developed during the Commercial Revolution in which owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company. p197
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What is mercantilism?
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Economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world & that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take wealth away from another country. p198
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What is a favorable balance of trade?
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A situation that exists when a country sells (exports) more than it buys (imports). p198
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What is a tariff?
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Import taxes on foreign goods. p198
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What are subsidies?
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Government grants of money often to help businesspeople start new industries, support domestic industries and to build ships. p198
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What is the Commercial Revolution?
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Era between 1400 & 1750 when Europeans made major changes to their economies & economic practices due to new exploration. Banks added service, systems of money were developed, and joint-stock companies were organized. p197
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What is the Commercial Revolution?
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Era between 1400 & 1750 when Europeans made major changes to their economies & economic practices due to new exploration. Banks added service, systems of money were developed, and joint-stock companies were organized. p197
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What are subsidies?
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Government grants of money often to help businesspeople start new industries, support domestic industries and to build ships. p198
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Why were technological developments necessary before nations could begin exploration and colonization?
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Ships had to be able to sail out of sight of land without getting lost.
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Hos did trade laws that limited colonies' economic freedom support the idea of mercantilism?
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They kept colonial wealth for the home country and made colonies buy manufactured goods from the home country so that the home country could increase its wealthy.
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What were some technological advances that influenced exploration and colonization?
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Technological advances that influenced exploration and colonization included the compass, astrolabe, and better ships.
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What were some economic changes that influenced exploration and colonization?
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Some economic changes that influenced exploration and colonization included banks & joint-stock companies funding exploration which allowed countries to find lands to colonize.
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What were some technological advances that influenced exploration and colonization?
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Technological advances that influenced exploration and colonization included the compass, astrolabe, and better ships.
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What were some economic changes that influenced exploration and colonization?
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Some economic changes that influenced exploration and colonization included banks & joint-stock companies funding exploration which allowed countries to find lands to colonize.
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How did mercantilism influence exploration and colonization?
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Mercantilism made nations want colonies for gold, silver and raw materials.
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What were some social changes that influenced exploration and colonization?
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Crowding in towns and religious persecution gave people reasons to settle in colonies.
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What does the phrase triangular trade mean?
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System of trade involving 3 stages, one of which was the transatlantic slave trade. 1st, Europe to Africa: cotton goods, weapons, liquor. 2nd stage (Middle Passage) Africa to Americas: slaves, gold. 3rd Americas to Europe/Africa: sugar, cotton, tobacco, rum. p206
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What does the phrase triangular trade mean?
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System of trade involving 3 stages, one of which was the transatlantic slave trade. 1st, Europe to Africa: cotton goods, weapons, liquor. 2nd stage (Middle Passage) Africa to Americas: slaves, gold. 3rd Americas to Europe/Africa: sugar, cotton, tobacco, rum. p206
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What does the phrase Columbian Exchange mean?
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Massive exchange of goods, plants, animals, and diseases that took place between Western (New World) and Eastern (Old World) Hemispheres following Columbus's voyage. p202
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What does the phrase Columbian Exchange mean?
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Massive exchange of goods, plants, animals, and diseases that took place between Western (New World) and Eastern (Old World) Hemispheres following Columbus's voyage. p202
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What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
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Agreement between Spain and Portugal that moved west the line determining the land each country could claim in the Atlantic. p202
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Who was Bartolomeu Dias?
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He was a Portuguese explorer who found a water route to the Indian Ocean in 1488. He sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. p200
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Who was Vasco da Gama?
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He was a Portuguese explorer who reached India in 1498 using a water route. p200
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Who was Christopher Columbus?
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He was an Genoan (Italian) explorer that sailed for Spain reaching the Americas in 1492. His ships were the Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria. He thought he had landed in India; calling the inhabitants Indians. p201
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Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
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He was an Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain who sailed west across the Atlantic then the Pacific (which he named) in 1521 to reach the Philippine Islands. This was the first round-the-world voyage p203
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Who was Amerigo Vespucci?
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He was an Italian navigator who crossed the Atlantic several times between 1497 & 1504 as part of Spanish & Portuguese expeditions. A German mapmaker impressed with Amerigo, named the land America after Vespucci. p202
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Who was Bartolomeu Dias?
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He was a Portuguese explorer who found a water route to the Indian Ocean in 1488. He sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. p200
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Who was Vasco da Gama?
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He was a Portuguese explorer who reached India in 1498 using a water route. p200
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Who was Christopher Columbus?
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He was an Genoan (Italian) explorer that sailed for Spain reaching the Americas in 1492. His ships were the Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria. He thought he had landed in India; calling the inhabitants Indians. p201
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Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
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He was an Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain who sailed west across the Atlantic then the Pacific (which he named) in 1521 to reach the Philippine Islands. This was the first round-the-world voyage p203
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Who was Prince Henry?
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AKA "The Navigator", he was a member of the Portuguese royal family who was largely responsible for Portugal's interest in exploration. He gathered many of Europe's best geographers & navigators for early expeditions which created excitement for later voyages. p200
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What were viceroys?
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Spanish officials who represented the monarchy in Spain's colonial empire. They reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain. The council planned & directed the empire's growth on behalf of the Spanish crown.p209
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What is guerrilla warfare?
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Military technique relying on swift raids by small bands of soldiers. p211
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Who was Ponce de Leon?
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A Spanish explorer who explored Florida. p208
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Who was Hernan Cortes?
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A Spanish explorer who conqered the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II Tenochtitlan in Mexico in 1519. Spanish horses & guns and a smallpox epidemic helped the Spanish defeat the Aztec armies. p208
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Who was Moctezuma II?
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A great Aztec ruler in Mexico conquered by Hernan Cortes in 1519. p208
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Who was Francisco Pizarro?
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A Spanish explorer that conquerered the Inca Empire in South America (Peru) in 1530. In 1533, he claimed the land from present-day Eduador to Chile for Spain. p209
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Who was Hernan Cortes?
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A Spanish explorer who conqered the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II Tenochtitlan in Mexico in 1519. Spanish horses & guns and a smallpox epidemic helped the Spanish defeat the Aztec armies. p208
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Who was Charles V?
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He was a Spanish king who was a Habsburg & was elected Holy Roman Emperor. Charles was torn between conflicting demands of German aims, the Spanish viewpoint, & religious issues. It was too much for one man, so he gave up his throne & divided up the land among his family. p210
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Who was Philip II?
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He was son of Charles V who received Spain & its possessions from his father. His branch became the Spanish Habsburgs. He tried to defeat enemies of Spain & Catholicism. He lost the northern provinces Netherlands to William of Orange. p210
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Who was William of Orange?
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In 1568, he led a revolt against Philip II. He won the independence of the northern provinces of the Netherlands from Spain. p211
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How did economics in Spain contribute to the decline of the Spanish Empire?
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In the area of economics, inflation, high taxes, and an unfavorable balance of trade helped contribute the the decline of the Spanish Empire.
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How did actions of Charles V & Philip II contribute to the decline of the Spanish Empire?
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Charles V fought costly wars and had other financial problems. Philip II fought expensive wars and lost the northern provinces of the Netherlands.
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In general, how did the Spanish expand their colonial empire in the Americas?
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They conquered the Aztecs in Mexico, and the Inca in South America and established settlements in these areas.
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How did the Dutch colonial empire differ from the Spanish colonial empire?
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The Dutch emphasized trade and did not try to convery the local people to Christianity.
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What developments limited the ability of the Spanish to fully benefit from their vast and rich overseas empire?
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Increase in the amount of gold and silver drove up prices. The demand for Spanish-made goods declined.
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How did the study of nature change during the Scientific Revolution?
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they began using observation, experiments, mathematics and questioned old beliefs
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What were some of the important scientific discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution?
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learned that earth moves around the sun; laws of planetary motion, universal gravitation; conservation of matter; circulation of blood; calculus; bacteria; oxygen
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What kinds of changes in science and economics made European exploration possible?
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compass, improved astrolabe, standardization of money, joint-stock companies
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What role did mercantilism plan in the way countries dealt with their colonies?
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Mercantilism led to use of colonies for gold, silver, raw materials and letting colonies trade just with home country
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What new knowledge did early Portuguese explorers provide that increased successful exploration?
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they learned that Asia was accessible by sea around the southern tip of Africa
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How did the study of nature change during the Scientific Revolution?
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they began using observation, experiments, mathematics and questioned old beliefs
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What were some of the important scientific discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution?
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learned that earth moves around the sun; laws of planetary motion, universal gravitation; conservation of matter; circulation of blood; calculus; bacteria; oxygen
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What kinds of changes in science and economics made European exploration possible?
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compass, improved astrolabe, standardization of money, joint-stock companies
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What role did mercantilism plan in the way countries dealt with their colonies?
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Mercantilism led to use of colonies for gold, silver, raw materials and letting colonies trade just with home country
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What new knowledge did early Portuguese explorers provide that increased successful exploration?
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they learned that Asia was accessible by sea around the southern tip of Africa
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How did the voyages of Christopher Columbus influence the world?
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It started contact between Europeans and people of the of the Americas and the exchange of goods, animals & disease called the Columbian Exchange
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How did the voyages of Christopher Columbus influence the world?
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It started contact between Europeans and people of the of the Americas and the exchange of goods, animals & disease called the Columbian Exchange
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What were some of the factors leading to the Atlantic slave trade?
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European demand for labor in colonies; devastation of American Indian population by by European diseases
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What led to the successful rise of Dutch exploration in the 1600s?
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good ships and sailors, focus on trade (not converting them to Christianity or forcing their culture on them), the Dutch East India company
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What factors led to the decline of the Spanish Empire?
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inflation caused by the influx of gold & silver, industrial decline, lack of middle class, expulsion of Jews & Muslims
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What factors led to the decline of the Spanish Empire?
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inflation caused by the influx of gold & silver, industrial decline, lack of middle class, expulsion of Jews & Muslims
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How did the era known as the Scientific Revolution lead to developments in other areas of society?
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it created new ways of thinking about the world, less acceptance of old beliefs, and technology for maritime exploration
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How did the economic theory of mercantilism influence nations' decisions to explore and colonize?
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it created desire for gold & silver, use of colonies as source of raw materials and as markets for manufacturers
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What determined the kinds of relationships that European explorers formed with conquered peoples?
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whether colonists tried to enslave conquered people and whether they tried to convert them to Christianity & force their own culture on them
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What determined the kinds of relationships that European explorers formed with conquered peoples?
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whether colonists tried to enslave conquered people and whether they tried to convert them to Christianity & force their own culture on them
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