Whap Chapter 34

Front 1

1| List the problems for the new nations created in the wake of the withdrawal of European imperialists.

Back 1

concessions made to departing colonizers
-underdeveloped economies
-divisions between the different ethnic and religious groups
-increasing poverty, official corruption
-rapidly population growth
-break down of traditional culture

Front 2

2| Explain why the ethnic rivalries and communal violence had been epidemic in decolonized African states.

Back 2

Developers hastily colonized Africa and established boundaries without reference to ethnic groups or cultural homogeneity.

Front 3

3| Name the independent nation that resulted from the fragmentation of Pakistan in 1972.

Back 3

Bangladesh

Front 4

4| The Ibo peoples attempted to create the independent state of Biafra, but failed to successfully secede from what nation?

Back 4

Nigeria

Front 5

5| Explain the attitudes of African leaders with respect to altering unnatural boundaries created in the colonial area.

Back 5

They feared that a successful secession movement in a neighboring country might encourage dissident minorities into their own nation.

Front 6

6| Name the most formidable barrier to economic growth post-colonial Africa.

Back 6

Rapid population growth

Front 7

7| List how the European colonizers contributed to African population growth.

Back 7

-ended local warfare
-railroad and steam links established
-intro of new food sources from New World
-outlawed birth control

Front 8

8| Describe population growth in the Third World.

Back 8

Rate of population growth has begun to decline in recent decades

Front 9

9| List the factors for the high birth rate of Third World nations.

Back 9

-resistance to birth control
-procreation is a sign of male virility and female fertility – symbol of social standing
-to extend family lineages
-growing awareness and education regarding population growth issues

Front 10

10| Name one of the chief by-products of population growth in Third World nations.

Back 10

Mass migration to cities

Front 11

11| Explain what the Third World cities lacked that had made possible the absorption of a similar migrant influx in the West.

Back 11

Expanding industrial sectors

Front 12

12| Explain the urban poor in Third World cities.

Back 12

Development specialists have concluded that slums provide the only urban housing the poor are likely to find

Front 13

13| List the problems in the rural environment of Third World countries.

Back 13

-deforestation
-depletion of soils
-industrial pollution
-inefficient farming techniques

Front 14

14| On what have Third World countries traditionally depended to finance industrialization

Back 14

The sale of cash crops

Front 15

15| In what export commodity have some Third World nations been able to improve the terms under which they participate in the global economy, at least for periods of time?

Back 15

Oil

Front 16

16| Define “neocolonialism”.

Back 16

The continued relegation of the Third World to economic dependency after decolonization

Front 17

17| List the drawbacks to accepting investment capital from First and Second World nations.

Back 17

-required military alliances
-required for removal of state subsidies or food and other essential items
-commitment to buy products of investors
-the adaption of Western economic models

Front 18

18| Explain Kwame Nkrumah’s response to the failure of his programs of social reform and economic uplift.

Back 18

He forcibly crushed all opposition parties and assumed dictatorial powers

Front 19

19| Explain Nkrumah’s Ghana (location and did it have anything to do with ancient Ghana).

Back 19

The name Ghana was taken from an Ancient African kingdom centered much farther to the north than the new nation which had little to do the with the people of the Gold Coast

Front 20

20| Explain the outcome of Kwame Nkrumah’s political and economic programs.

Back 20

Led to failed development schemes and eventual ousting from power in 1966

Front 21

21| Name one of the most common elements of African and Asian governments since decolonization. (has to do with the military)

Back 21

Military takeovers

Front 22

22| List the countries that have experienced a military takeover of their government.

Back 22

Ghana, Nigeria, Vietnam, South Africa

Front 23

23| List factors in explaining the frequency of military takeover in Third World nations.

Back 23

-regimentation rendered soldiers more resistant to division by ethnic and religious rivalries
-the military passed a monopoly of force essential in restoring and/or the political crisis
-military personal possessing some technical training was often lacking among civil nationalist leaders
-most people favored strong military rule

Front 24

24| Name the nation that is among the worst examples of military regimes in the Third World.

Back 24

Uganda, Burma, Zaire

Front 25

Name the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Egyptian reform movement founded in 1928.

Back 25

Hasan al-Banna

Front 26

26| List the characteristics the Muslim Brotherhood embraced.

Back 26

-remedy injustices and rid Egypt of foreign oppressors
-fundamentalist approach to Islam
-program of social uplift and sweeping reforms
-promotion of trade unions
-land reforms
-religious unity

Front 27

27| Name the group that led a coup that toppled the Khedive Farouk from power in 1952.

Back 27

Free Officers

Front 28

28| Name the man who emerged as head of the Egyptian government following the 1952 coup.

Back 28

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Front 29

29| List the reforms that the military government of Egypt attempted after 1952.

Back 29

-land: limits placed on how much an individual could own
-state-financed education through college
-government employment program
-state subsidies lowered prices of basic food staples

Front 30

30| Name the year that the Egyptian government was able to force the British and their French allies out of the Suez Canal Zone.

Back 30

1956

Front 31

31| Identify the cornerstone of Egyptian development after 1952.

Back 31

Aswan Dam

Front 32

32| Explain how Anwar Sadat altered Egyptian policies (with regard to Israel) established by the military government after 1952.

Back 32

Moved to end the costly confrontation with Israel

Front 33

33| Explain ways that India was similar to Egypt following decolonization.

Back 33

Emphasis on socialism and state intervention

Front 34

34| Name who governed India in the first decades of independence.

Back 34

Jawaharlal Nehru

Front 35

35| Explain what India has been successful at, perhaps more than any other Third World nation.

Back 35

Civil rights and democracy

Front 36

36| Name who was brought to power in 1979 in Iran through a radical revolution.

Back 36

Ayatollah Khomeini

Front 37

37| In many ways, the Iranian revolution of 1979 is most like what other revolution?

Back 37

The anti-colonial resistance movements led by the Mahdi revolution in Sudan in 1885

Front 38

38| Explain how Iran was unlike other areas of the Third World.

Back 38

Strong emphasis on modernization, but had been reduced to an informal sphere of influence (as opposed to formal colonization)

Front 39

39| Explain why development schemes in Iran were forestalled.

Back 39

-the shah alienated great masses of people
-a lengthy and exhausting border war with neighboring Iran

Front 40

40| Name the European colonizer, other than Britain, that was able to hold on to its colonies in Africa into the mid-1970s.

Back 40

Portugal

Front 41

41| Name the party that South African politics were dominated by from 1948.

Back 41

Nationalist Party

Front 42

42| Explain the “homelands” established by the government in South Africa.

Back 42

Spatial separation, areas designed to maintain linguistic groups of indigenous people in South Africa

Front 43

43| List the methods used by the South African government to suppress dissent among the black population.

Back 43

-arrest of opposition leaders
-favoritism to some leaders in order to divide opponents of apartheid
-use of spies and police informers
-creation of state police

Front 44

44| Name the person that was freed in 1990 that showed one of the signs of slightly diminished racial tensions in South Africa.

Back 44

Nelson Mandela