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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
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- started in 1543, with Copernicus's "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres"
- ended with Newton |
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What was the Scientific Revolution Characterized by?
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- Acceptance and confirmation of the heliocentric view of the universe
- Development of new physics that supported this - Development of a method of enquiry (the “scientific method”) - Neo-Platonism - Nominalists |
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Who were Nominalists?
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Believed nature was distinct from God the Creator, that only revelation can reveal God's truth, and said that investigation of the world was independent of theology.
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Was a theologian saint who believed God created a world capable of being understood by human reason.
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Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274) |
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Key Features of The Renaissance
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- Humanists placed low value on science
- Neoplatonist influence - The universe as machine - Investigation of the laws of perspective |
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The philosopher who believed the universe revolved around the earth, and believed that everything moved in perfect circles.
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Ptolemy
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What was wrong with the Roman Calendar?
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The Roman Calendar was out of alignment with the heavenly bodies (therefore the motion of the stars was not circular)
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Who was the polish catholic scientist who studied and calculated the astrology of the universe, to discover that the planets revolved around the sun? (Wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" (1543) )
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Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543) |
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The philosopher that believed the fundamental elements which composed all things were Earth, air, fire, water, aether
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Aristotle
(384-322BC) |
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What are the three motions the earth has according to "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spears" by Nicolaus Copernicus
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- The Earth has three motions that explained the movement of the sun and stars (daily rotation, annual revolution, and annual tilting of its axis)
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Why would "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spears" cause a stirring within the church?
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- it went against the bible, Psalms 93:1 and 96:10 says that “the world is established, it cannot be moved”
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Who was the Danish Nobleman who mapped the sky for 21 years, coming up with one of the most accurate mappings of the sky of their time period?
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Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) |
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What is the Tychonian System
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The system where everything but the earth revolves around the sun, then that system revolves around the earth.
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Who was Johannes Keplar?
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Tycho Brahe's assistant, who discovered that the orbits around the sun were elliptical, but could not explain why we did not move horizontally thought the earth was moving so fast.
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Who was the Italian Philosopher who invented a 20x magnification Telescope, discovered craters on the moon, and also discovered four more moons orbiting Jupiter?
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Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642) |
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“Starry Messenger” by Galileo Galilie stated what two things?
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- Stated the moon was not the “perfect” or “ethereal” surface Aristotle predicted
- Stated that the moons of Jupiter were actually orbiting around the planet |
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"Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems" discussed what two major theories?
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Examined both the Ptolemaic (everything revolves around the earth) and Copernican (everything revolves around the sun) views, supporting more of Copernicus's ideas
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"A body continues to move in a certain direction unless stopped"
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Galileo’s Principle of Inertia
(able to explain why we move with the earth) |
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What is the Law of Falling Bodies as discussed in "Discourses on Two New Sciences" (1638)
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"That all bodies, regardless of mass, fall at the same rate of speed"
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Who was Giordano Bruno?
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- Believed that stars were other suns and there was a plurality of worlds
- Stated that the universe was infinite - Burned at the stake by the Inquisition on charges of heresy, blasphemy, and “immoral conduct” |
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In 1615, Galileo wrote a letter to the Grand Duchess of Tuscany which stated...?
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That scripture should not be used to study heaven, because science and religion are two completely things.
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Pope Urban VIII issued a papal decree which stated what?
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That it was heresy to believe in heliocentricism
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Who were the two main people to help develop the scientific method?
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Sir Francis Bacon and René Descartes
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What was the name of the book written by Sir Francis Bacon where he speaks about how Scientists would never learn anything unless they changed their methods, and introduces Inductive reasoning
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Novum Organum
(1620) |
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What is inductive Reasoning?
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The use observations to draw general conclusions and then repeating experiments for verification
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Who was the famous doubter who doubted everything other than himself, reciting the famous statement "I think, therefore, I am" (Cogito ergo sum)
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René Descartes
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"Meditations on First Philosophy" (1641) was focused on what?
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- “Proved” the existence of God
- Dualism between the mind and the body |
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What was Descartes's influence to the scientific method?
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-The use of mathematics and logic
-The use of Bacon's deductive reasoning |
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Who invented the Law of Gravity and Developed Calculus?
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Sir Isaac Newton
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In Newton's "Principia", what were the three laws of motion?
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-"For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction"
-Applied it to planetary and terrestrial bodies -Law of Universal Gravity |
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Known as the intellectual movement of the 18th Century, where everything was criticized through scientific evaluation.
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Enlightenment
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Where and when did the Enlightenment originate?
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17th Century England
(Home to Locke and Newton) |
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What new trends led the Enlightenment?
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-Popularization of science
-Rise of a new skepticism -Impact of travel literature -Legacy of Newton and Locke |
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Who was the secretary of the French royal academy of science, that introduced science to the upper class?
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Bernard de Fontenelle
(1657-1757) |
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In this story is about how a man explains the heliocentric view of the universe in layman’s terms to his lover.
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Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)
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Who is Pierre Bayle?
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French Huguenot scholar and philosopher who attacked many of the traditional religious attitudes: superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism
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Israeli King David was not the heroic king so often portrayed
Which book portrayed King David as a vicious leader who pillaged, tortured, and murdered innocent victims? |
Historical and Critical Dictionary
(1697) |
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Captain James Cook wrote what book that was a best seller and described his first voyage around the world?
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“Endeavour” Journals (1768-1771)
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Who was the philosopher who believed in finding principles for laws to follow and set the stage for Classical Liberism?
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John Locke
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Two Treaties On Government spoke about what issues with the Government?
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-The divine right of kings
-Government as a social contract with people -Man's natural rights (Life, Liberty, and Property) -People's right to overthrow government |
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Which one of John Locke's writings stated every person is born with a tabula rasa (“blank slate”) and that our knowledge comes from our environment?
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
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French and other Philosophers, “free thinker” unhampered by the constraints of religion or dogma in any form, what was the term coined for these people?
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Philosophes
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What are Salons?
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Hosted by saloniers, aristocratic women where social elites and philosophers would meet and discuss about society.
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Why were Salons important?
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Because they helped educate women during a time where women couldn't get an education
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Who was a writer, philosopher, and deist that used satire to criticize many of the Institutions of the day, targeted the French government and the Catholic Church, and wrote during a time period of censorship
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Voltaire
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What does Voltaire's Candide (1759) speak about?
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It's the travels of a young man, where Voltaire criticized Leibnitzian Optimism (“we live in the best of all possible worlds”) mocked every institution and aspect of the aristocracy
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Écrasez l’infâme
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Voltaire saw infamy as all forms of repression, fanaticism, and bigotry and called for the ceasing of
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What is Deism?
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The belief that God created the world perfect, and left; a belief shared by many philosophers
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Religious toleration was mainly limited to Christianity some who believed in toleration of non-Christians as well, which religions were they?
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Jewish were treated with hostility and so were the islamics.
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Who was Adams Smith?
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Believed in laissez-faire, and felt people should pursue what their interested in, and government should not regulate buisness. Also wrote Wealth of Nations.
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Who is the philosophe famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers?
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Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-
1755) |
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Which book by Montesquieu spoke on the spirits of the governments, and using branches to balance power?
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The Spirit of Laws (1748)
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Who wrote Encyclopédie, 28 volumes, a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts,
and crafts (1751-1772) |
Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
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Wrote a Philosophical History . . . of Europeans in the Two Indies (1770) where he pointed out that “savages” actually enjoyed a better life than most Europeans
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Abbé Raynal
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How did the philosophes view Slavery?
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Almost all of the philosophes condemned slavery, but only in a
metaphorical sense |
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His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, with ideas like (The population would be united together by the “general will”)
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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What book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau spoke of a boy educated about virtue and moral autonomy in
the “school of nature”? |
Émile (1762)
The aim of the book was moral autonomy and good citizenship |
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Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
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Lived between 1759-1797, a British writer, philosopher, and feminist, She also had been Rousseau’s sharpest critic, and wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
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What book spoke against inequality and artificial distinctions of rank, birth,
or wealth, showed women had the same innate capacity for reason and self government as men, and Relations between the sexes ought to be based on equality? |
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
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