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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the strongest ligament of the vertebral column and is located on antero-lateral aspect of vertebral bodies and IV discs |
Anterior longitudinal ligament |
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Which ligament runs in the vertebral canal and is located along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies, and also weaker than anterior longitudinal ligament? |
posterior longitudinal ligament |
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how many normal curvatures are in vertebral column? |
4 |
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abnormal thoracic kyphosis |
abnormal increase in thoracic curvature |
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abnormal lumbar lordosis |
abnormal increase in lumbar curvature |
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scoliosis and its cause |
abnormal thoracic lateral curvature - caused by unequally pull of erector spinae |
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location of vertebral lamina |
between transverse process and spinous process |
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location of vertebral pedicle |
between vertebral body and transverse process
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where do ribs articulate with the vertebra? |
transverse process and body |
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what are 4 vertebral ligaments? |
-anterior longitudinal ligament -posterior longitudinal ligament -interspinous ligament -ligamentum flavum |
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which ligament extends from lamina to lamina, resist separation of vertebral lamina? |
ligamentum flavum |
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which ligament connects the apices of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum and merges with nuchal ligament? |
supraspinous ligament |
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which ligament is strong median band at the back of neck in same area as supraspinous ligament? |
nuchal ligament |
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which ligament is weak band of tissue connecting adjoining spinous processes |
interspinous ligament |
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Remnant of notochordal body |
nucleus pulposus |
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structure that surrounds nucleus pulposus |
anulus fibrosus |
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actual definition of slip disc |
entire disc (nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus) slips out of intervertebral column - happens over time and not over traumatic incident |
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conus medullaris terminates at which level of vertebral column? |
L2 |
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3 meninges that surround spinal cord |
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
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which meninges adhere to spinal cord and ends with conus medullaris? |
pia mater |
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which meninges stays at the bottom of the coccyx at the level of sacrum? |
dura and arachnoid mater |
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if slip disc occurs, why won't it go anteriorly? and where would it go? |
anterior longitudinal ligament that is super strong will prevent that from happening, it will usually go postero-laterally |
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why is slip disc so damaging? |
when it goes postero-laterally, it can compress spinal nerve and nucleus pulposus can become calcified and removing it would be difficult without damaging the spinal nerve. |
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which muscle keep spine erect? |
erector spinae |
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in the neck, erector spinae become what muscle? |
splenius |
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3 parts of erector spinae |
1. iliocostalis 2. logissimus 3. spinalis |
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what are deep muscles of the back? innervation? |
Major: -erector spinae -splenius Minor: -semispinalis -multifidus -rotatores -interspinales -intertransversarii -levatores costarum
INNERVATION: branches of segmental dorsal primary rami |
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iliocostalis of erector spinae -origin -insertion -innervation |
ORIGIN: -iliac crest tendon INSERTION: -ribs INNERVATION: -branches of segmental dorsal primary rami |
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logissimus of erector spinae -origin -insertion -innervation |
ORIGIN: -iliac crest tendon INSERTION: -transverse process (inferiorly) -mastoid process (superiorly) INNERVATION: -branches of segmental dorsal primary rami |
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spinalis of erector spinae -origin -insertion -innervation |
ORIGIN: -iliac crest tendon INSERTION: -spinous process --> spinous process INNERVATION: -branches of segmental dorsal primary rami |
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splenius muscle -origin -insertion -action -innervation |
ORIGIN: -nuchal ligament -spinous process of C7-T3 INSERTION: -splenius capitis: mastoid process and nuchal line of occipital bone -splenius cervicis: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 ACTION: -acting alone: laterally flex neck and rotate head -acting together: extend head and neck INNERVATION: -posterior rami of spinal nerves |
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where does thoracolumbar fascia orginate from on the vertebral body and which muscles come from it? |
-transverse process of vertebra -transversus abdominus and internal abdominal oblique |
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location of brachial plexus |
posterior triangle along with subclavian artery |
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Dermatome |
sensory distribution from a specific area of skin that is related to a specific dorsal root of a spinal nerve (such as T1) -specific sensory area associated with specific spinal nerve -shingles has dermatomal distribution |
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cutaneous distribution |
sensory distribution from a specific area of skin that is related to a specific end nerve (such as radial nerve or mental branch of trigeminal nerve) -radial nerve has contribution of 5 spinal nerves |
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what is a nerve plexus? |
bunch of spinal nerve comes together |
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2 depressions on the posterior aspect of scapula |
-supraspinous fossa -infraspinous fossa |
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depression on the anterior aspect of scapula and which muscle covers this feature |
subscapular fossa, subscapularis |
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which muscle runs in the intertubercular groove of humerus? |
biceps brachii |
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what are scapular movements? |
-elevation -depression -protraction -retraction -superior rotation -inferior rotation |
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which landmark of scapula is used as a reference point when it comes to inferior and superior rotation? |
acromion process |
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acromion process moves superiorly and medially |
superior rotation of scapula |
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acromion process moves inferiorly and laterally |
inferior rotation of scapula |
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3 muscle types |
unipennate, bipennate and multipennate |
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where does muscle attach in comparison to joint? |
-length past fulcrum (closer - not good, farther - good) -comparison to axis of rotation |
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rules of muscle effectiveness |
-in order for a muscle to work (except for muscles of facial expression) it must cross a joint -muscle works at any joint it crosses |
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what are 5 superficial muscles of back?
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-trapezius -rhomboid major -rhomboid minor -latissimus dorsi -levator scapulae
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which 3 muscles make up triangle of auscultation? |
-trapezius -latissimus dorsi -rhomboid major |
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how do superficial muscles of back and shoulder embryologic origin related to their innervation and blood supply? |
they are derived from ventral somatic mesoderm, therefore they are supplied by ventral primary rami |
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trapezius action |
-scapular elevation -scapular depression -scapular retraction -scapular superior rotation
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latissimus dorsi action |
-humeral extension -humeral adduction -humeral medial rotation
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teres major action |
-humeral extension -humeral adduction -humeral medial rotation |
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rhomboid major action |
-scapular elevation -scapular retraction -scapular inferior rotation |
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rhomboid minor action |
-scapular elevation -scapular retraction -scapular inferior rotation |
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levator scapulae action |
-scapular elevation -scapular retraction -scapular inferior rotation |
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what are special muscles of shoulder: rotator cuff? |
-supraspinatus -infraspinatus -teres minor -subscapularis |
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supraspinatus action |
humerus abduction (primary abductor of humerus) |
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infraspinatus action |
humerus lateral rotation |
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teres minor action |
humeral lateral rotation |
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subscapularis action |
humerus medial rotation
*gets torn most often of all rotator cuff muscles* |
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what are fascial spaces of posterior shoulder? |
-triangular space -quadrangular space -triangular interval |
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borders and contents of triangular space |
BORDERS: -teres major -teres minor -long head of triceps brachii
CONTENTS: -branch of circumflex scapular artery |
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borders and contents of quadrangular space |
BORDERS: -teres minor -teres major -long head of triceps brachii -lateral head of triceps brachii (or shaft of humerus)
CONTENTS: -posterior humeral circumflex artery -axillary nerve |
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borders and contents of triangular interval |
BORDER: -teres major -long head of triceps brachii -lateral head of triceps brachii (or shaft of humerus)
CONTENTS: -profunda brachii artery -radial nerve |
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posterior humeral circumflex artery is a branch of what artery? |
axillary artery |
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axillary artery supplies innervation of what muscles? |
deltoid and teres minor |
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profunda brachii artery is a branch of what artery? |
brachial artery |
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radial nerve is end branch of what plexus? |
brachial plexus |
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4 nerves that are running down upper limbs. Which one sits on bone and can get severely damage of there's a break in humerus just below surgical neck? |
-median nerve -ulnar nerve -radial nerve* -musculocutaneous nerve |
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radial nerve supplies muscles that are located where? |
posterior upper limbs |
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which muscle is the primary extensor of elbow. what are the parts of this muscle? |
triceps brachii (long, deep and lateral heads) |
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what is a small muscle that help extend the elbow. this is the muscle you don't really need |
anconeous muscle |
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order of name change - subclavian artery |
-subclavian artery -axillary artery -brachial artery |
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branches of thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian artery). -which ones are important in the upper limbs?$ -Which one is important in the head?* |
-inferior thyroid artery* -transverse cervical artery$ -suprascapular artery$ |
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subscapular artery is a branch of what artery? |
axillary artery |
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which 2 branches of thyrocervical trunk anastomose with subscapular artery, which is a branch of axillary artery? |
-suprascapular artery -transverse cervical artery |
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suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk) anastomose with subscapular artery (branch of axillary artery) via which arteries? |
-intercostal arteries (off of transverse cervical artery) - merges with -circumflex scapular artery (off of suprascapular artery) - merges with -thoracodorsal artery *to form subscapular artery of axillary artery* |
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what are the muscles of anterior shoulder? |
-deltoid -pectoralis major -pectoralis minor -serratus anterior -subscaparalis |
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deltoid actions |
movements at shoulder joint -anterior fibers: flexion, adduction, medial rotation -medial fibers: abduction (not primary) -posterior fibers: extension, adduction and lateral rotation -all fibers: full rotation or circumduction |
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serratus anterior action |
-scapular protraction -scapular superior rotation -scapular depression |
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which nerve runs on the anterior and superficial aspect of serratus anterior |
long thoracic nerve |
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pectoralis major actions |
-shoulder flexion (only clavicular head) -shoulder adduction -shouder medial rotation |
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pectoralis minor actions |
-scapular depression -scapular inferior rotation -scapular protrusion |
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acetabulum is made up of which bones of the pelvis? |
-pubis -ischium -ilium |
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what ligaments hold the head of the femur inside the acetabulum of the pelvis? |
-capsular ligament -pubofemoral ligament -iliofemoral ligament -ischiofemoral ligament |
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which ligaments are located in the anterior of the hip joint? |
-iliofemoral ligament -pubofemoral ligament |
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which ligament is located in the posterior of hip joint? |
ischiofemoral ligament |
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glenoid labrum of shoulder joint is equivalent to which structure of the hip joint? |
acetabular labrum |
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what happens when there's a dislocation of glenohumeral joint? |
breakage of capsular ligament by humeral lateral rotation and excessive extension and sometimes humeral head comes out of the glenoid labrum |
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2 types of dislocation of acromioclavicular joint |
-with rupture of coracoclavicular ligament -without ligament rupture |
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2 parts of coracoclavicular ligament |
-trapezoid ligament -conoid ligament |
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which ligament surrounds the head of humerus and helps with cushion? |
glenohumeral ligament |
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branch of circumflex scapular artery is found in which fascial space of posterior shoulder? |
triangular space |
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posterior humeral circumflex artery is found in which fascial space of posterior shoulder? |
quadrangular space |
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axillary nerve is found in which fascial space of posterior shoulder? |
quadrangular space |
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profunda brachii artery is found in which fascial space of posterior shoulder? |
triangular interval |
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radial nerve is found in which fascial space of posterior shoulder? |
triangular interval |
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what are the 3 superficial muscles of the shoulder? |
-deltoid -teres major -teres minor |
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what are 3 muscles of anterior & lateral chest wall? |
-pectoralis major -pectoralis minor -serratus anterior |
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superficial muscles of back and posterior aspect of shoulder are innervated by which nerve? provide spinal levels |
brachial plexus (contains ventral primary rami from C5-T1) |
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which muscle that is a superficial muscle of the back isn't innervated by brachial plexus? |
trapezius |
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trapezius is innervated by which nerve? |
spinal accessory nerve (also sternocleidomastoid) |
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what is the embryologic origin of the superficial muscles of back and shoulder? |
ventral somatic mesoderm - supplied by ventral primary rami |
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what are 6 muscles that run from axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, sacrum, rib cage) to the pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle)? |
-trapezius -levator scapulae -rhomboid major -rhomboid minor -serratus anterior -pectoralis minor |
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what are 2 muscles running from axial skeleton to humerus? |
-pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi |
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what are 6 muscles that run from pectoral girdle (scapula or clavicle) to humerus? |
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES -subscapularis -supraspinatus -infraspinatus -teres minor OTHERS -deltoid -teres major |
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What part of the intervertebral disc has a high water content and is highly elastic, can tremendous amount of force that is constantly placed upon the vertebral column, and decreases with width and breath as we age? |
nucleus pulposus |
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Vertebral column is composed of how many vertebrae? What are they? |
30 total -7 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal |
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Which structure of vertebral column receives the majority of the weight? |
body of vertebrae |
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The costal facet is associated with which type of vertebrae only? |
thoracic vertebrae |
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Inferior facet of superior vertebrae and superior facet of inferior vertebrae form what joint? and together, they form what? |
-zygopophyseal joint -vertebral foramen |
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which nerve travels inside vertebral foramen? |
spinal nerve |
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where can foramen transversarium be found? |
in transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
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which arteries that originate from subclavian arteries travel in the foramen transversarium? |
vertebral arteries |
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Where are the curvatures of vertebral column found? |
ANTERIOR -cervical -lumbar POSTERIOR -thoracic |
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A child is born with only which curvature? |
thoracic curvature |
