Vertebrate Zoology

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Linnaeus

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Produced the current system of classification published by System Naturae

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Taxa

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major groups

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Taxanonic ranks

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indicate the inclusivness of a group

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Vertebrate

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An animal that belongs to the phylum chordata

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Notochord

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a rod like structure that spans the entire lenght of the body.

1. Early nervous system
2. Axis for muscle attachment
3. bend w/o shortening
4. Permits various muscle movements

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Modified Ranks

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Subdivided ranks that show evolutionary divergence ex. subclass, superorder

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Broadest most inclusive rank

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Kindgom

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Specific most exclusive rank

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Species

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First word, binomial nomenclature

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Genus

Noun
Capitalized
Cannont be included in other genera

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Trinomial nomenclature

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Genius, Specius, Subspecius

Shows evolutionary divergence

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Character

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Feature that varies from specius to species.

Used to study variations within a species.

Morphological, Chromosomal, Molecular

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Chordata

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Have a notochord

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Endemic

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Restricted geographic distribution

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Homoplasy

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Characters resulting from evolutionary convergence

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Sources of phylogenetic info

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1. Comparative morphology (skull, teeth, hair, bones)
2. Comparative biochemistry (DNA, RNA, Amino acid sequence)
3. Comparative cytology (chromosomal size, number, shape)
4. Fossil record

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Convergence

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Independent evolutionary origin of similar features from selective pressures.

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Ancestor character trait

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Passed on from one generation to the next.

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Derived character trait

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Characters that arose later through selective pressures.

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Polarity

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Shows the relationship between ancester and derived character traits by using outgrouping. If the trait is in both the outgroup and other group then it is ancesteral.

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Outgroup

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Phylogenetically similar organism but is not in the same group.

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Mandatory Ranks

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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specius

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Clades

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Organisms that share derived characters

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Plesiomorphic

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Character state that is ancestral

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Symplesiomorphy

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sharing ancestral states

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Cladogram

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brancing diagram that indicated nested hierarchy and clades.

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Phylogenetic tree

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Real lineage of evolutionary past. Creating phylogenetic tree involves adding to cladogram ancester info, duratin of lineage, amount of evolutionary changes, etc.

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Binomial nomenclature

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Italicized, latinized

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Synopomorphy

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Name of the derived character shared by the clades used for evidence of homology.

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Criteria for recognition of species

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1. Common ancestry
2. Distinct and smallest grouping
3. Reproductive community that excludes other species.

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Evolutionary duration

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Distribution over time

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Cosmopolitian

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Worldwide distribution

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Ectoderm

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1. Neural Tube (brain, spinal cord, neurons)
2. Neural chrest cells
3. Outer epithelial coverings

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Amniotic sac

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1. Fluid filled membranous sac that protects the embryo from mechanical stress.
2. Freed the early vert. from sea to land

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What embryonic layer does neural tube come from?

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Surface ectoderm

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Second word, binomial nomenclature

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Species epithet

Adjective
Lower case
Agrees in gender w/genus
Can be included in other genera
Never stands alone

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Origin of vertebrates ancester

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Protostomes and deuterostomes

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Deutrostomes five groups

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Tunicates
Lancelets
Hagfish
Lamprey
Jawed fish

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Homology

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Character resulting from a similar ancestor.

Wrists of dogs and humans

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4 chordate hallmarks

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1. Notochord
2. Dorsal hallow nerve chord
3. Pharyngeal pouches/ slits
4. Postanal tail

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Dorsal hallow nerve chord

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1. Dorsal to the nerve cord
2. Anterior end swells to form brain
3. Hallow nerve cord formed by folding of the ectodermal cells

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Pharyngeal pouches/slits

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1. Filter feeding system
2. Protochordates- water enters through mouth, moved by cilia, particles captured by mocus, then leaves through gills.
3. Vertebrates- gas exchange system and pharynx system was developed

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Postanal tail

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Evolved for propulsion in water

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Nine characteristics of phylum Chordata

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1. Bilater symmetry
2. Notochord
3. Dorsal tubular nerve chord
4. Pharyngeal pouches
5. Postanal tail
6. Segmented muscles
7. Ventral heart
8. Complete digestive system
9. Endoskeleton (vertebrates)

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Deuterostomes: three phylum

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echinodermata
hemichordata
chordata

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Hemichordata: 2 subphylum

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pterobranchia
enteropnuesta

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Phylum hemichordata

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Marine, bottom dwellers. Thought to be chordates because the have gill pores, rudimentary notohord, and tubular dorsal nerve chord. buccal diverticulum is actually for feeding system nothing to do w/N.S. Cosmopolitian, non motile.

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Class enteropnuesta

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(Acorn Worm), Wormlike
Lives under stones and burry itself under mud on the ocean floor.
External features: proboscis, collar, trunk.

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Acornworm: Proboscis

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Active part of the animal. Helps animal to bury itself in the mud and collect food in the mucus strands which traps food in the cilia and moves them to the moth

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Acornworm: collar

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covers the mouth and regulates what enters the mouth

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Mesoderm

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1. notochord
2. Somites (Muscle, dermis, bone, cartiliage, connective tissue)
3. circulatory system (blood, bone marrow,lymph nodes, and blood vessels)
4. Lining of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
5. Organs of the urogenital system

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Buccal diverticulum

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Connects the protocoel (small sac). When the muscles contract forces water through the gill slites. Allowing the organism to move forward.

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Acornworm: Feeding system

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Food caught in the mucos, brought into the mouth by cilia, food passes through pharynz and esophagus to intestine, excess water leaves through gill slits.

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Phylogeny

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Evolutionary truth based on the study of characters that vary from specius to specius.
Tries to show the evolutionary relationship between all specius both living and dead.
ID organismal characters/features.

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Middorsal vessel

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Carries colorless blood forward above the gut.

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Four chordate hallmarks

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1. Notochord
2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord
3. Postanal tail
4. Pharyngeal pouches

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Dorsal tubular nerve chord

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Dorsal to the notochord.
Anterior region enlarges to form the brain.
Hallow chord produced by infolding of ectodermal cells.

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Pharyngeal Pouches and slits

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Filter feeding system
Later modified for gas exchange

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Endoderm

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1. pharynx, lungs, pharyngeal pouches, thyroid, parathyroid
2. Liver, pancreas
3. Epithelium of urogenital system and respiratory system

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Postanal tail

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Provides motility

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Subphylum Urochordata

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Tunicates "sea squirts"
Live in all seas. Hermophrodites. Larval form has all chordata hallmarks. During metamorphosis the notochord and tail is lost and the nerve chord is reduced to a single ganglion. Has an endostyle

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Endostyle

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Secretes mucos

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Subphylum cephalochordata

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Lancelets "bladlike shape"
inhabit sandy bottoms. Barries its tail into the mud.Gill slits play a small role in gas exchange mostly for feeding. Have two sexes.

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Garstang's Hypothesis of chordate larval evolution

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adult are the ancestral stock. tadpole larvae evolved as an evolution for spreading to new habitats. Tadpole eventally failed to metamorphose into adult but developed gonads and reproduced in the larval stage. This lead to a new group of gree-swimming animals

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Nest hierarchy

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pattern formed from derived characters within one group

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Taxonomy

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Formal system for naming and classifying species that have evolutionary relationships

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Paedomorphosis

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evolutionary retention of juvenile or larval traits in the adult body.

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Vertebate adaptations: Muscular/skeletal modifications

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Muscle- changed from V to W shaped. Offered better contraction capability, and better control and extended the length.
Endoskeleton- changed to bone. offered protection from predators, better muscle attachment, mineral regulation, increase in size.
exoskeleton- primitive fish were covered with bony armor. Became modified to form scales, ect.

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Vertebrate modifications: Physiology

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Increased metabolism
Pharynx- went from filter feeding to gas exchange.
gut/digestive system- movement of food by muscular actions as opposed to cilia.
Evolution of the pancreas and liver

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Aristotle

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First to classify organisms based on structure and similarities

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Vertebrate modifications: new head/brain/sensory system

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Triparted brain.
Anterior end developed into brain. Posterior end into spinal cord
Evolved special receptors such as eyes, pressure receptors, inner ear for balance, taste/smell receptors.

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Vertebrate modifications: Neural Chrest Cells and Hess genes

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NCC- cranium, endocrine glands, pharyngeal skeletion.
Hess genes- control body plan

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Agathans

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Jawless
armored
Lack paired fins
Heavy dermal skin
Have gill/pharynx of early vertebrates

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Gnathostomes

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Have jaws