Unit 24 Ap Euro

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Sigmund Freud

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Developed the foundation of psychoanalysis with the belief that experiences are hidden in the unconscious and used practices such as hypnosis

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Marie Curie

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Questioned the old physics and Newtons laws of physics/concepts of the universe

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Ernest Rutherfort

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Discovered the nucleus in the atom

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Max Planck

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Developed the idea that energy is radiated discontinuously in an irregular pattern called "quanta"

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Albert Einstein

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Developed theory of relativity; believed neither space nor time had an existence independent of human experience; matter was nothing but another form of energy E=mc^2

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Theory of Relativity

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Said that space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer and both are interwoven into what Einstein called a four-dimensional space-time continuum

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Rerum Novarum

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Leo XIII's encyclical. Issued 1891. Expressed that private property ownership is acceptable but recognized that capitalism also had faults. Declared that much in socialism is Christian in principle but, as practised by many, said socialism was also materialistic and anti-religious. Suggested that Catholics form their own socialist parties/unions.

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Impressionism

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Reflected pastimes of upper middle class; utilizes bright colors, dynamic brush strokes, and a smaller, more private scale; people's impression of the world

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Claude Monet "Impression Sunrise"

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Gave the impressionists their name

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Pierre-Auguste Renoir "Le Moulin de la Galette"

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(1841-1919); French painter who used impressionism called "super realism" capture overall impression of the thing they were painting; Le Baul au Moulin de la Galette (1876)

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Camille Pissarro

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Pissarro was a founder of Impressionism, and his aspirations are exemplified in the work of Monet where his fascination with water sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and atmosphere shown in his work Impression, Sunrise.

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Berthie Morisot

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19th c., Social, painter, impressionist, painted a lot of women

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Vincent Van Gogh "Starry Night"

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(1853-1890)Dutch expressionist, who painted the vision of night as he imagined it, not as it really was in The Starry Night; one of his most famous portraits shows him with a bandage on his ear after he allegedly cut it off: Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear

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Paul Gauguin

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A nineteenth-century French painter best known for his use of color and his paintings of Polynesian women. He abandoned his business career, family, and country to live and paint in Tahiti.

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Paul Cézanne

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French postimpressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature (1839-1906)

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Henri Matisse, "les Fauves"

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(1869-1954); most important French artist of the 20th century; expressionism of a group of painters led by Matisse was so extreme that an exhibition of their work in Paris promoted shocked critics to call the les fauves "the wild beasts"; Matisse and his followers painted real objects, but their primary concern was the arrangement of color, line, and from as an end in itself

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Pablo Picasso "Les Mademoiselle d'Avignon"

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(1881-1973); most important Spanish artist of the 20th century; founder of Cubism in 1907; Les Madamoselle d'Avignon(1907) is considered the first cubist masterpiece; worked with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in developing analytical cubism

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Cubism

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An artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes. Founded by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

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Expressionism

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an early twentieth-century art movement that emphasized the artist's personal, subjective expression of inner experiences

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Old imperialism

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occurred between the 16th and 18th centuries; European powers did not usually acquire territory in Africa and Asia but rather built a series of trading stations; the New World was the exception--many countries established colonies in the Americas; many Europeans also emigrated from their homelands

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New imperialism

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Began in 1880s in Africa, earlier in Asia; in 1800 Europeans controlled about 7% of the world's territory--by 1914 they controlled 84%; Britain's control of Egypt in the 1880s became the model for the "New Imperialism;" Major causes include: search for new markets and raw materials, missionary work, and new military and naval bases to protect one's interests against other European powers

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Dr. David Livingston

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first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa

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H. M. Stanley

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found Livingston (whom westerners thought to be dead) and his newspaper reports created European interest in Africa; Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region

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Social Darwinism

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The application of Darwin's principle or organic evolution to the social order

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White Man's Burden

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The believe that religion and humanitarians approached imperialism with the idea that Europeans had the moral responsibility to civilize ignorant peoples

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Berlin Conference 1884-1885

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1884-85: established the "rules" for conquest of Africa; provisions: no imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory; slavery and the slave trade in Africa was terminated; sought to prevent international conflicts between European nations over the issue of imperialism; as a result, the "scramble for Africa" was on

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Cecil Rhodes

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Founded both diamond and gold companies that monopolized production of these precious commodities and enabled him to gain control of territory north of Transvaal that he named Rhodesia

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Boer War

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Left Britain in victory but was very costly and ended up forming the Union of South Africa that consisted of Transvaal and Orange Free State

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Kruger Telegram

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1902, Kaiser Wilhelm II dispatched a telegram to the Boers congratulating them on defeating British invaders without need of German assistance; Anger at Germany swept through Britain; Massive British force eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa

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Spheres of influence

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When a powerful nation secured exclusive economic privileges in an underdeveloped region. Usually this economic monopoly was respected by other imperialistic powers. ex. before WW I, France, Britain, Germany and Russia had divided China up into spheres of influence.

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Anti-Semitism

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The hatred for Jews that was mainly alive in Vienna

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Suffragists

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The members of the Woman's Social and Political Union;mostly middle and upper class women;used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to their cause; main goal was to give women full citizenship in the nation-state

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Pogroms

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After assassination of Alexander II in 1881, Alexander III undertook repression of revolutionism and terrorism and Jews became subject to pogroms/waves of persecution that were by far the worst of any until that time.

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Zionism

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Movement started and originated in Palestine for Jews to go and not be persecuted by the anti-semitism