Umn Psychology Unit 1

Front 1

Psychological Perspectives

Back 1

Behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary

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Behavioral Psychologists

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John B. Watson, Ivav Pavlov, BF Skinner

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Behavioral Premise

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Only observable events can be studied scientifically

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Psychoanalytic Psychologists

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Freud, Jung, Adler

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Psychoanalytic Premise

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Unconscious motives and experiences in childhood govern personality and mental disorders

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Humanistic Psychologists

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Carl Rogers, Maslow

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Humanistic Premise

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Humans are free, rational beings with potential and room for personal growth; we are different from animals

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Cognitive Psychologists

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Piaget, Noam, Chomsky, Herbert Simon

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Cognitive Premise

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Human behavior can't be understood until you examine how people acquire, store and process information

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Biological Psychologists

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Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Torsten, Wiesel

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Biological Premise

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Behavior and function can be explained by body structures and biochemical processes

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Evolutionary Psychologists

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Buss, Daly, Wilson Leda, Cosmides, Tooby

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Evolutionary Premise

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Behavior patterns are evolved to solve adaptive problems, natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success

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Wilhelm Wundt

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1879 set up the first psych lab in Leipzig; established the first psychology journal, decided psychology's focus was conscious experience

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G Stanley Hall

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Established US's first psych research lab at Johns Hopkins U

Launched US's first psych journal

Established American Psychological Association

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Structuralism

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Nurtured by Edward Titchener; believes the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness to its basic elements and investigate how these elemeents are related; focused on sensation and perception, big on introspection

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William James

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Influenced by Darwin's theories--> therefore suggested consciousness is OUR special trait, so let's research its function; coined idea of stream of consciousness

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Functionalism

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Believed psychology should investigate the PURPOSE of consciousness; focused on how people adapted to the world around them; WINS over structuralism

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Mary Calkins

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First woman president of APA

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Freud

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founded psychoanalysis; discovered the unconscous

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John B. Watson

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Behaviorism; tried to redefine psychology as the science of observable behavior so psychology could have verifiability; increased amount of animal research

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What percent work in applied settings?

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63%

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What percent work in teaching and research?

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28%

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BF Skinner

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super behaviorist, claimed mental events couldn't be studied scientifically; asserted that all behavior was governed by external stimuli-- FREE WILL IS A LIE

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Ivan Pavlov

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Conditioning; creating stimulus-response bonds

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Applied Psychology

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using psychology in everyday life; serving the public, practical problems; includes clinical psychology

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Clinical Psychology

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First practical branch; concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems/disorders; exploded during WWII; broke off to form APS from APA

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Piaget

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Studied children's cognitive development

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Roger Sperry

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Biological psychologist, discovered the differences between right and left sides of brain

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David Buss

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Evolutionary Psychologist

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Psychology Definition

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science that studies behavior and physiological and cognitive processes that underlies it; applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

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Developmental Psychology

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How humans develop

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Social Psychology

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Interpersonal behavior and social forces that influence it; attitude, prejudice, conformity, relationships

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Experimental Psychology

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Sensation, perception, learning, experiments

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Physiological Psychology

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examine influence of genetic factors on behavior

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Cognitive Psychology

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Higher mental processes

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Personality Psychology

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describing/understanding people's consistency in behavior

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Psychometrics

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Measuring behavior and capacities

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Clinical Psychology

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evaluation, diagnosis, treatment of psychological disorders

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Psychiatrists

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Clinical psychologists with medical degree

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Counseling

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family, marital, career; everyday life

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Educational/School

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improve curriculum design, testing, teacher training

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Industrial Organizational

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business & industry, running HR departments, improve staff morale, increase job satisfaction

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Critical thinking

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Make good choices; problem solving; logic; analyze; cognitive component (knowledge of skills), emotional component (attitude or disposition of thinker); can't be taught on your own

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Goals of Scientific Enterprise

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measurement and description; understanding and prediction, application and control

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3 Scientific Experiment Approaches

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Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental

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Descriptive Stats

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used to organize and summarize data (ie mean, median, mode, variability, correlation)

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Inferential Stats

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Interpret Data, draw conclusions, check statistical significance of information

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Acetylcholine (Ach)

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Only neurotransmitter that goes to motor neurons and voluntary muscles; contributes to memory, arousal, attention

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Agonists

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chemical that mimics action of a neurotransmitter and releases PSPs

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Antagonists

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BLOCK area of reception

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Monoamies

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Regulates daily behavior: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin

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Dopamine (DA)

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Controls voluntary movements; lack of which causes Parkinson's; could cause schizophrenia; blocked by cocaine

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Norepinephrine (NE)

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has a role in depression

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Serotonin

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regulates sleep and wakefulness and eating behavior

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GABA

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amino acids; only inhibitory PSP; regulates anxiety

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Endorphines

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ie morphine and endorphines; internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates-- HAPPYYYY

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Peripheral Nervous System

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made up of anything outside brain and spinal cord; includes somatic and autonomic

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Somatic Nervous System

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Part of PNS; nerves connecting voluntary muscles to sensory receptors (reflexes, mostly conscious)

Afferent Nerves: information TO CNS
Efferent Nerves: information AWAY from CNS

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Autonomic Nervous System

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made up of nerves connecting heart, blood vessels, glands; controls automatic operations; consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Sympathetic Division

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branch of autonomic that mobilizes body resources for emergencies!

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Parasympathetic Division

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branch of ANS that conserves bodily resources

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EEG

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monitors electrical activity of the brain over time by means of electrodes connected to your scalp-- BRAINWAVES

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Lesioning

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destroying a part of the brain to see its effect

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ESB (electrical stimulation of brain)

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sending a weak current to activate certain brain structures

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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temporarily enhance or depress brain activity in a specific area of the brain; like a temporary lesion; can't go too deep, too bad.

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CT scan (computerized tomography)

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Brain imaging; CPU enhanced X Ray of brain structure; least expensive; to see abnormalities in brain structure for mental illnesses

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PET Scan (positron emission tomography)

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examine brain function and map activities over time by tagging certain radioactive chemicals to watch what happens when certain tasks are performed

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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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map out brain structure, better than CT scans

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FMRI

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monitor blood and oxygen flow to the brain to ID areas of high activity

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Hindbrain

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Medulla, Pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

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Medulla

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attaches brain to spinal cord, controls unconscious functions

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Pons

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Bridge on frontside of stem; fibers that connects brainstem to cerebellum; helps with sleep and arousal

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Cerebellum

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little brain; coordinates movement and balance; first to depress with alcohol

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Reticular Formation

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also goes through midbrain, central core of brainstem, modulation of reflexes, breathing and pain perception; sleep and arousal

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Midbrain

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Contains area that integrates sensory processes like hearing and seeing, originating here is the system of dopamine-realizing neurons; voluntary movements; reticular formation

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Forebrain:

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Thalamus, Hypothalamus, limbic system

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Thalamus

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POST OFFICE. (minus smell. No one likes it).

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Hypothalamus

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4 F's; controls autonomic system; links brain to the endocrine system

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Limbic System

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includes hypo/thalamus, hippocampus; edge of cortex and deeper areas of brain

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Cerebrum

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outer layer, 2 halves; lobes

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Corpus Callosum

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separates 2 halves, fiber fissure

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Occipital Lobe

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back of head; vision

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Parietal Lobe

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Forward of O lobe; registers touch

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Temporal

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Auditory, near temples; language capabilities

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Frontal Lobe

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largest; controls movement; prefrontal cortex (the front part of Frontal Lobe) contains higher order functions

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Broca's Area

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Production of speech, left of frontal lobe

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Wernicke's Area

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in temporal lobe; comprehension of language