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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What did Tulving suggest?
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That the LTM is a multi-part system made up of 2 or more components containing different types of info.
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What are the 3 types of LTM?
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1. Episodic Memory 2. Semantic Memory 3. Procedural Memry |
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What are the 2 types of declarative memory?
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- Episodic - Semantic |
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Outline the episodic memory. E.G Remember when
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- Recall personal experiences & events from our lives - Are available for conscious inspection - Strength of episodic memory depends on the emotions present at the time memory is encoded (traumatic events are often well recalled due to high emotional content). - Complex memories & time-stamped (reference to time & place).
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Outline the semantic memory. E.G Know that |
- Facts about the world & is always being added to. - Are available for conscious inspection. - Less personal & not time-stamped |
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Outline the procedural memory. E.G - Know how |
- Actions & skills - Not available for conscious inspection. - Many procedural LTMs occur early in life. - Can be difficult to explain these skills. |
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Strength of Research into Types of LTM: Neuro-imaging Research Evidence
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- Tulving et al used brain scan studies to show different types of memory are stored in different part of the brain. - Pp's asked to perform various memory tasks whilst scanning their brains - PET scans. - Episodic memories were recalled from the pre-frontal cortex & semantic memories in the posterior region of the cortex. - Suggests types of memory are separate stores & PET scans provide physical & objective neuro-imaging evidence = for supports psychology as a science & increases the validity. |
- Tulving et al used brain scan... - Various memory tasks while scanning - Where episodic memories recalled form & where were semantic memories recalled from? - What does it suggest? - Increase in validity
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Strength of Research into Types of LTM: Real Life Applications
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- Tulvings' research into the different types of LTM allows psychologists & clinicians to improve people's lives. - Episodic is most affected by mild cognitive impairments, which highlights the benefit of being able to distinguish between types of LTM. - Belleville et al demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had mild cognitive impairment. - Trained pp's performed better on a test of episodic memory after training than a control group. - Suggests psychologists know about the separate stores of LTM then treatment programmes can be developed to help these people, which means the contribution to the clinical world is highly valuable. |
-What does Tulvings' research allow? - What is the episodic memory most affected by? - What does this highlight the benefit of? - What did Belleville et al demonstrate? - What was found? - What does this suggest psychologists know? |
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Limitation of Research into Types of LTM: Low Population Validity
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- Uses a very small sample. - Tulving's investigation into different stores in LTM = 6 pp's - 3/6 pp's showed differences between processing of episodic & semantic LTMs = can't be generalised to reach solid conclusions. - This means research lacks population validity. Furthermore, Tulving, his wife & colleague were pp's = shows experimenter bias. |
How many pp's in Tulving's study? - How many showed differences between...? - What can't be done w/ the findings? -How is experimenter bias shown? |
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Limitation of Research into Types of LTM: Difficult to Explain
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- The extent to which episodic & semantic memory stores are different is unclear. - Although, different brain systems are involved there is a lot of overlap between the 2 systems - Semantic memories can originate from episodic memory. - Therefore, is unclear if the semantic memory is a gradual transformation from episodic memory. - As this is difficult to explain it questions the overall validity of theory especially as researchers can't be sure of the internal validity. |
- The extent to which episodic e& semantic... -There is a lot of overlap... - Where can semantic memories originate from? - What does this question? |
