The Skeletal System

Front 1

Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

Back 1

1--support
2--protection
3--movement
4--storage
5--blood cell formation

Front 2

What is the typical lifespan of an RBC?

Back 2

3-4 months; 90-120 days

Front 3

Name the 4 components of the skeletal system.

Back 3

1--bones
2--cartilage
3--joints
4--teeth

Front 4

Why are bones considered to be living structures? (4 reasons)

Back 4

1--contain blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
2--subject to disease
3--undergo repair
4--adjust to changes in stress

Front 5

Define Joints.

Back 5

Articulations or unions between bones; the point at which they connect.

Front 6

What are the basic functions of cartilage? (2 reasons)

Back 6

1--act as sort of a cushion or buffer
2--facilitates unions

Front 7

What is Hematopoiesis and where does it take place?

Back 7

Blood cell formation; Mostly in long bones.

Front 8

What is the composition of bone?

Back 8

Bone consists of:
Organic matter (30%)
Inorganic matter (45%)
Water (25%)

Front 9

What are the components of the organic matter in bone?

Back 9

1--collagen
2--bone cells
3--osteoids

Front 10

Name the 3 bone cells.

Back 10

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Front 11

Describe the bone structure.

Back 11

Bone consists of compact bone, spongy bone, and a medullary cavity.

Front 12

Describe Compact Bone.

Back 12

--hard solid layer
--forms shaft of long bones
--contains bone cells and blood vessels

Front 13

Describe Cancellous (spongy) bone.

Back 13

--found at ends of long bones
--has spicules which are arranged in a porus network
--has small open spaces filed with marrow

Front 14

Describe the Medullary Cavity.

Back 14

--a space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone
--houses the bone marrow
**red marrow / young animals
**yellow marrow / mature animals

Front 15

Name the 5 shapes of Bones.

Back 15

1--long
2--short
3--flat
4--irregular
5--sesamoid

Front 16

Define Epiphysis.

Back 16

the ends of a long bone; proximal and distal ends

Front 17

Define Diaphysis.

Back 17

the shaft of a long bone; surrounds the medullary cavity

Front 18

What is Articular Cartilage? Function?

Back 18

the cartilage found at the ends of long bones; acts as a cushion and allows for smooth movement

Front 19

What is the Epiphyseal Plate? Where is it located? What is the Epiphyseal Closure?

Back 19

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE: areas made of cartilage allowing for the growth of bone; aka "growth plate".
LOCATION: b/t the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.
EPIPHYSEALL CLOSURE: the calcification of the "growth plate".

Front 20

What is the Epiphyseal Closure?

Back 20

refers to the ossification (deposition of calcium) of the growth plate

Front 21

What are the functions of long bones?

Back 21

--to act as levers
--to aid in support, locomotion, and prehension

Front 22

Describe the structure of short bones.

Back 22

--cube like structure
--no single marrow cavity
--compact bone surface with spongy bone on the inside filled with marrow
--equal in all dimensions
--

Front 23

What are the function of short bones?

Back 23

--shock absorber
--variety of movements

Front 24

Describe the structure of flat bones.

Back 24

--no diaphysis or epiphysis
--spongy bone sandwiched b/t compact bone
--has 2 plates (lamina externa and lamina interna)

Front 25

What are the tough osteogenic layers of bone? How are they different?

Back 25

--periosteum and endoosteum
--Peri is on the outside
--Endo is on the inside

Front 26

What are the functions of flat bones?

Back 26

--protects vital organs
--provides large areas for attachment of muscles

Front 27

Describe the structure of irregular bones. Functions?

Back 27

--unpaired bones on the median plane
--oddly shaped
--spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
Functions: offer protection, support, and attachment

Front 28

What "houses the spinal cord"?

Back 28

vertebral column

Front 29

Which vertebrae are the "weight-bearing" vertebrae?

Back 29

Lumbar vertebrae

Front 30

What is a Foramen? Function?

Back 30

a hole in a bone
Function: serves as a passageway for BV and/or the spinal column to pass through

Front 31

Describe the structure of sesamoid bones. Functions?

Back 31

--tiny bones that occur along the course of tendons
Functions: helps to reduce friction, increase leverage or changes the direction of pull

Front 32

Name 3 visceral bones and describe their locations.

Back 32

--os penis--bone in penis of dogs
--os cordis--bone in the heart of cattle
--os rostri--bone in the snout of pigs

Front 33

List the 4 types of bony features. Then list 6 actual bony features.

Back 33

1--projections 1--head
2--depressions 2--condyle
3--articular 3--process
4--non-articular 4--spine
5--fossa
6--foramen

Front 34

Which domestic species has a well-defined process known as the "Acromion" on their scapular spine?

Back 34

Canine

Front 35

What are the 2 types of skeletal systems?

Back 35

1--axial
2--appendicular

Front 36

List the components of the Axial skeletal system. Function?

Back 36

--skull, vertebral column, sternum, rib cage
Function: involved in protection, support, and supporting other body parts

Front 37

What are the 3 parts of an individual vertebrae?

Back 37

body
arch
process (articular, spinous or transverse)

Front 38

Distinguish b/t the 3 types of processes on a vertebrae.

Back 38

articular--forms joints wiith other vertebrae
spinous--dorsal aspect
transverse--projects laterally

Front 39

Name the 5 regions of vertebrae.

Back 39

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal

Front 40

What are the common names for C1 and C2?

Back 40

C1--atlas
C2--axis

Front 41

What is the purpose of the "dens" on C2?

Back 41

Dens--a cranial projection that allows the axis to pivot.

Front 42

Which vertebral region forms the withers of the horse?

Back 42

Thoracic

Front 43

Give the vertebral formula for the following:
Horse, Cow, Pig.

Back 43

Horse: C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-20
Cow: C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20
Pig: C7 T14-15 L6-7 S4 Cd20-23

Front 44

Sternal or True Ribs

Back 44

the ones attached to the sternum by costal cartilage

Front 45

Asternal or False Ribs

Back 45

not attached by cartilage; lays caudal to the sternal ribs

Front 46

Which livestock species has a "floating pair" of ribs?

Back 46

sheep

Front 47

List the components of the Appendicular skeleton.

Back 47

Shoulder, Forelimbs, Pelvis, Hindlimbs

Front 48

Synsarcosis

Back 48

the point at which the scapula attaches to the skeleton via muscles, tendons, and ligaments; NOT a true bony articulation.

Front 49

Name the 3 bones of the Pelvis (os coxae). Combined, what do they form?

Back 49

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
**all three form the acetabulum

Front 50

Which 2 bones of the pelvis form the floor?

Back 50

Pubis (cranial) and Ischium (caudal)

Front 51

Another name for the "Tuber Coxae"?

Back 51

point of hip

Front 52

Name the bones and joints of the forelimb?

Back 52

scapula
scapulohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
humerus
elbow joint
radius & ulna (aka antebrachium)
carpus joint or carpal bones
metacarpals
phalanges

Front 53

Another name for the "Ischial Tuber"?

Back 53

Pin bone in cattle

Front 54

Name the bones and joints of the Hindlimb.

Back 54

Pelvis
Coxofemoral Joint (hip joint)
Femur
Patella
Stifle (knee joint)
Tibia & Fibula
Tarsus Joint or Tarsal Bones (Hock)
Metatarsal Bone
Phalanges