The Colonies Grow - Chapter 4

Front 1

subsistence farming

Back 1

-farming just enough to feed your family, with very little left over to trade
-practiced mostly in New England
-no slaves used usually

Front 2

triangular trade route

Back 2

-a trade route that formed a triangle
-one was between West Indies, colonies and West Africa
- Example : molasses, sugar, fruit from West Indies goes to colonies, colonists make rum from molasses, rum and goods go to Africa, slaves go to Indes

Front 3

Middle Passage

Back 3

-worst part of triangular trade route
-between West Africa to the West Indies
-slaves were cramped, died on this journey

Front 4

cash crops

Back 4

-crops that can be sold easily in markets in the colonies and overseas
-southern colonies main cash crops were rice and tobacco

Front 5

Tidewater

Back 5

a region of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast where plantations were found

Front 6

backcountry

Back 6

west of Tidewater, near the Appalachian Mountains, was settled by hardy newcomers with small farms

Front 7

overseers

Back 7

bosses of slaves

Front 8

slave codes

Back 8

strict rules governing the behavior and punishment of enslaved Africans

Front 9

Criticism of Slavery

Back 9

Puritans refused to own slaves and Quakers and Mennonites condemned slavery

Front 10

Middle Colonies' Industries

Back 10

-carpentry
-flour making
-lumbering
-mining (iron)
-small-scale manufacturing

Front 11

English Bill of Rights

Back 11

-signed by William and Mary in 1689
-later became the inspiration for America's Bill of Rights
-gave citizens some basic rights

Front 12

mercantilism

Back 12

idea that a nation's power depended on expanding it's trade and increasing its gold reserves

Front 13

import and export

Back 13

brought in and sold abroad

Front 14

Navigation Acts

Back 14

-Laws that directed flow of goods from colonies to England
-Colonists had to use English ships
-Colonists were forbidden to sell certains goods to other countries
-caused smuggling problems

Front 15

charter colonies

Back 15

-CT and RI
-established by groups of settlers with a charter, or a grant of rights and privileges
-could elect governor and two houses

Front 16

proprietary colonies

Back 16

-DE, MD, PA
-ruled by individuals or groups who appointed governor and upper house
-people elected lower house

Front 17

royal colonies

Back 17

-GA, MA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, VA
-ruled directly by Britain, who appointed governor and council
-colonists elected assembly

Front 18

Voting Rights

Back 18

Only white men who owned land could vote

Front 19

Great Awakening (Puritans)

Back 19

-1730s and 1740s
-ministers called for a new birth and return to strong faith of old days
-led to formation of many new churches especially in backcountry

Front 20

Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield

Back 20

Jonathan Edwards of MA was found powerful and convincing in his sermons
George Whitefield arrived in 1739 and helped spread revival over two years

Front 21

Women Roles

Back 21

cooking, making butter and cheese, preserving food, spinning yarn, made clothes, tended livestock, sometimes shared fieldwork, kept house

Front 22

Men Roles

Back 22

formal heads of households, managed farms, represented family, in charge of wives

Front 23

Unmarried and Widowed Women Roles

Back 23

maids, cooks, nurses, teachers, seamstresses, owned shops and inns, could run businesses and own land

Front 24

Education

Back 24

-highly valued in New England
-New England Primer
-high level of literacy
-dame schools
-colleges = Harvard, William and Mary College

Front 25

Enlightenment

Back 25

movement that spread the idea that knowledge, reason and science could improve society, began in Europe, some religious leaders opposed it

Front 26

Benjamin Franklin

Back 26

wrote the annual Poor Richard's Almanack, invented lightning rod, discovered electricity, Franklin stove, bifocals, opened a college, the first lending library, a hospital, and a fire department, guided colonies toward independence

Front 27

Iroquois Confederacy

Back 27

based in NY, five main nations, avoided British-French conflict for a while, but eventually became Britain's reluctant allies

Front 28

militia

Back 28

civilians trained to fight in emergencies

Front 29

Louisbourg

Back 29

important French fortress on Cape Breton Island, captured by New Englanders, later returned to France to much protest

Front 30

Ohio River Valley

Back 30

regarded by French as their own territory, disliked British involvement, fueled the fire between Britain and France

Front 31

French and Native Americans

Back 31

French and many native allies, made peaces with them, only traded, didn't colonize

Front 32

George Washington

Back 32

originally a planter and surveyor, went to Ohio country to get rid of French and was unsucessful, later went back with a small militia and established Fort Necessity, conquered again

Front 33

Albany Plan of Union

Back 33

reps from New England, NY, MD, and Pa met in Albany, NY. They wanted to find a way for the colonies to work together against the French, this failed, not a single colony agreed, and Ben Franklin was disappointed that no one accepted his 'one general government'

Front 34

General Edward Braddock

Back 34

commander in chief of British forces in America, was sent to drive out French, but was killed because of his bad strategy

Front 35

Seven Year's War

Back 35

long war between French, British, and Spanish in Cuba, the West Indies, India, and the Philippines, North America, Europe

Front 36

Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe

Back 36

led an assault in 1758 to recapture Louisbourg, Wolfe later died in a battle at Quebec

Front 37

Treaty of Paris

Back 37

signed 1763, let France keep islands in the West Indies, but divided rest of lands in North America between French and Spanish, ended Seven Year's War, marked end of French as North American power

Front 38

British and Spanish landholdings in North America after the Treaty of Paris

Back 38

Spanish got New Orleans and lands west of Mississippi from France
British got Florida from Spain and received Canada and lands east of Mississippi from French

Front 39

Chief Pontiac

Back 39

chief of Ottawa village near Detroit, felt threatened by British, united all natives together, and attacked colonists using Braddock's paths he cut

Front 40

Pontiac's War

Back 40

started spring of 1763, ended with Treaty of Paris, series of attacks against colonists, settlers took revenge after the war

Front 41

Proclamation of 1763

Back 41

George III of England declared that the Appalachian Mountains were the temporary boundary for the colonies, lands west of mountains were forbidden

Front 42

Problems caused by Proclamation of 1763

Back 42

Speculators (investors) were angered when their landholdings west of the Appalachian range were declared illegal and invalid by the king