Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Climate
|
Humans have either adapted to their native climates or they have settled in areas where the climate is more hospitable. Climate determines which plants and animals survive, how accessible water sources are, and the types of shelter that humans build. For human survival, the most important aspects of climate are rainfall and temperature.
|
|
|
Lithosphere
|
The part of the earth that is land, rock and soil.
|
|
|
Atmosphere
|
The area of gasses that surrounds the earth.
|
|
|
Hydrosphere
|
The part of the earth that is made of water. Rivers, lakes, oceans.
|
|
|
Biosphere
|
Where life is found on the earth. Found on all three earth layers.
|
|
|
Physical Region
|
In order to study the physical world in a systematic and manageable way, geologists study the world in physical regions. These regions are determined by similar soil types, climates, vegetation, and river systems. A very common physical region is plain regions where flat land dominates. These are found in the central areas of every major continent.
|
|
|
Latitude
|
We measure the distance from the equator by latitude north and south. The father north or south of the equator, the colder the climate. The north and south poles are farthest away from the equator and they are basically the coldest areas on earth.
|
|
|
Elevation
|
the farther away from sea level, the colder it is.
|
|
|
Tectonic Processes
|
The lithosphere is not one continuously connected body, but rather it is made up of several separate masses "floating on the oceans". These tectonic plates are constantly moving, colliding with each other, and drifting apart. Where the plates have collided over history, mountains have been formed. Where the plates are moving away from each other or are simply "rubbing" against each other earthquakes commonly occur.
The earth is constantly moving and changing. This can be seen in the constantly moving water and rock cycles. These changes have affected human behavior. For example, during the ice age humans were able to cross from Asia to North America vie the Bering Strait. At the end of the ice age large glaciers of ice receded back to oceans. As they did so, they took great chunks of land with them - creating valleys and fjords - and they left water behind that created numerous lakes, including the Great Lakes. These new water sources attracted human settlement. |
|
|
Deposition
|
When items are left behind from geological movements, like the receding glaciers, it is called deposition. Deposition is normally defined by the size of what was left behind.
|
|
|
Erosion
|
Earth formations are altered due to exposure to wind and rain. Volcanic eruptions form islands.
|
|
|
Sun/Earth relationship
|
Our survival on this planet depends on the sun. The sun is the primary determinant in our seasonal climates. The earth is on an axis, meaning that it tilts. During the North American summer (June through September) the earth is tilting its northern part towards the sun and the strongest rays of the sun are concentrated on the northern hemisphere. During the same time, the southern hemisphere is experiencing winter.
*The amount of sunlight a hemisphere receives affects the ability of that hemisphere to grow certain plants. *The equator divides the world into northern and southern hemispheres. Regardless of the time of year the equator always has some direct sun rays hence the reason why the areas along the equator is normally so hot. |
|
|
Soil
|
Part of the lithosphere
|
|
|
cultural diffusion
|
Ideas, religions, inventions and other aspects of one group's culture have spread to other groups through contact. Examples of this include the spreading of Christianity and Buddhism, the spreading of democratic ideals and the spreading of the industrial revolution and the Phoenician alphabet.
|
|
|
region
|
To study the world's population, geographer's have divided the world into regions based upon culture. People who have similar languages, religions, economies, political structures, and traditions are studied as a group.
|
|
|
push and pull factors
|
many areas have experienced population growth through push pull factors. a push factor is when war refugees are forced to leave their home country (pushed from) and go to another. A pull factor is when immigrants come to the U.S. for new economic opportunities. (pulled to)
|
|
|
developed countries
|
rich countries.
high literacy rates low infant mortality rates higher life expectancy rates democratic governments (developing countries have the opposite of these factors) |
|
|
standard of living
|
developed countries are said to have "high standard of living" whereas developing countries are said to have "low standards of living"
|
|
|
ocean currents
|
air blows over the oceans and to land. If air comes from a cold ocean current, then it brings cold air to land and if the air comes from a warm ocean current, then it brings warmer air to the land.
|
|
|
mountain barriers
|
mountains can block many air currents and clouds. This can lead to very dry, desert-like areas on the base of some mountains.
|
|
|
cultural region of U.S. and Canada
|
major language is English, with Spanish and French.
major religion is Christianity, more catholics in Canada and more protestants in u.s. capitalist democracies. advanced, industrial/technological societies with high literacy rates and advanced medical care. majority of population lives in urban centers. |
|
|
cultural region of Latin America
|
major language is Spanish
Christianity/Catholicism military dictatorships and political unrest; shows advances to becoming a democratic region. Capitalism with socialism is becoming the dominant economic system (excluding cuba which remains communism) The Catholic church had a major role in development. native americans make up huge portion of population still. area is still dominated by agriculture with cash crops. literacy rates are low and infant mortality rates are high |
|
|
cultural region of europe
|
English and French are common languages but plenty of other languages are spoken as well.
Christianity/Catholicism European union socialism, mostly urban. |
|
|
cultural region of Russia and the former soviet union
|
Slavic languages, Russian
eastern orthodox Christianity. some muslims and jews communists dictatorship. education was required so high literacy |
|
|
cultural region of east asia
|
china dominance
Buddhism and Confucianism communism/capitalism China, south korea and japan have literacy rates and are advanced technologically with extensive international trade. |
|
|
cultural region of south asia
|
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, sri lanka.
common history centers on india. Hinduism and islam region is primarily poor capitalistic |
|
|
cultural region of southeast asia
|
Vietnam, laos Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia.
Catholicism is major religion. also Buddhism. and Islamic. agriculture dominates the area and most people live in poverty communism dominates Vietnam, capitalism everywhere else. cheap labor has brought some factories to the region. literacy rates are poor and medical care is not readily available. |
|
|
cultural region of sub Saharan africa
|
most diverse in world. hundreds of languages and ethnic groups.
most people have historically been nomadic but agriculture is currently the primary economic activity. war, famine, and disease(AIDS), has caused widespread devastation to the area. Christianity, islam. literacy rates are low and medical care is limited military regimes have been common |
|
|
cultural region of north Africa/southwest asia(Middle East)
|
Arabic language
islam religion oil is a major factor in the area. lack of water many countries are led by absolute monarchs |
|
|
Mecca
|
the most sacred city in Islam. Mecca is located in Saudi Arabia. Muslims turn towards Mecca five times a day to pray, they also visit it once in their lifetime.
|
|
|
Jerusalem
|
considered a sacred city to all three monotheistic religions. Jews consider the city sacred because it was the location of Solomon's temple and was the capital of King David's empire. Christians consider Jerusalem sacred because it was the location of the crucifixion of Jesus. Muslims consider the city sacred because under Islamic tradition, Muhammad appeared in Jerusalem after his death and then ascended into Heaven. Today Jerusalem remains a major city of pilgrims from all three regions.
|
|
|
Cuzco
|
the most sacred city to the native incas. huge temples were built to honor their gods.
|
|
|
ganges river
|
considered sacred by the hindus
|
|
|
shrine of guadelupe
|
this Mexican shrine is considered the most sacred catholic place in the western hemisphere. it commemorates a reported visit of the virgin mary to a native American women in the 16th century.
|
|
|
The Arts
|
-ancient greek sculpture depicted idealized human bodies where "man was the measure of all things"
-statutes of Buddha are common throughout asia. long earlobes mean you are wise. -due to the fact that in the Islamic tradition the reproduction of human and animal images is discouraged, many Islamic mosques are decorated with elaborate and very beautiful calligraphy designs. -among west coast native americans, totem poles were common. these engraved carvings reflected the history of their ancestors and were considered sacred. -the architecture of our nations capital reflects the image that our new republic wanted to bestow around the world. the buildings are in the Greco-Roman tradition and were designed to reflect permanence - we weren't going anywhere and we wanted the world to know it. |
|
|
interdependent
|
(two or more people or things) dependent on each other. When humans anywhere in the world modify the environment for their own use, then others are ultimately affected.
|
|
|
Neolithic revolution
|
humans settled in areas where the environment provided for fresh water, a nurturing climate, and useful flora and fauna.
-the greek civilizations flourished because the mountains and islands provided protection from invaders. -the Russians have depended upon their climate to help protect them from invaders. -throughout north America, vast plains have provided fertile land to millions of settlers. |
|
|
suez canal and panama
|
greatly enhanced world trade and boosted economic development. generations of people in different areas of the world have access to clean drinking water that they did not have before the dams were built.
|
|
|
natural resources
|
materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
|
|
|
The economic activities of many areas are dependent upon the environment. for ex:
|
-middle east relies upon oil
-coastal villages rely upon fishing -wales and Pennsylvania rely upon coal. -amazon rain forest people among trees -Africa relies on gold and diamond mines |
|
|
how population growth and modernization have affected the physical environment throughout history:
|
-building of dams has destroyed some fish spawning zones and has led to freshwater shortages for wildlife.
-chemical fertilizers have caused widespread pollution and possible increased cancer rates. -with the loss of just one species of animal, entire ecosystems can be placed in turmoil as some creatures lose their natural predators and their natural prey. -as humans make environments better suited for their own use, population increases lead to urbanization, more pollution, and scarce resources. |
|
|
behavior
|
motivation is what directs behavior. motivation can be either physiologically(hunger) or psychologically(stress) triggered. The need to belong or achieve, the need for money.
|
|
|
culture
|
the foundation of anthropological study. Our culture is one factor that shapes our personalities. culture is composed of several components:
-language -religion -history -symbols -customs *Culture is not static, it is constantly changing. |
|
|
stratification
|
Every society has inequality. An uneven distribution to the means.
|
|
|
social institutions
|
humans are members of social institutions. our membership in these institutions helps us form our values, beliefs, and behaviors and help us meet our basic needs. These social institutions include:
-family; nuclear and extended -community -religion, church -education, schools -ethnic or cultural group -government *our status within each group helps determine which role we play: leader or follower. |
|
|
socialization
|
As humans we are members in a variety of different social institutions and through these institutions we experience "socialization" and an education in how to behave.
|
|
|
cognitive development
|
The cognitive development (learning) of humans is a never ending process that begins with conception and ends with death. The ability to recall, associate, and synthesize information does begin to fade with age; however, the brain's ability to learn appears to be indestructible.
There are three major theorists in regards to basic cognitive development: -Jean Piaget's theory that we learn by forming schemas and that there are levels of development. These levels include the preoperational stage (lack logical operations), the concrete operational state (can conceive and perform basic logical operations), and the formal operational (can deal with abstract reasoning). -Lawrence Kohlberg theorized that humans go through stages of moral learning. -Erik Erikson theorized that adolescence is dominated by defining one's identity. |
|
|
personality
|
one of the major factors that determine our behavior. many factors affect our personality, including biological, sociological, intellectual and hereditary. Freud developed the theory of the Id(pleasure seeking), the Ego (reality), and Superego (moral guide) to try to explain some aspects of personality. Two of the most common terms used to describe personality are extrovert and introvert. Extroverts are more sociologically outgoing and they enjoy being with many people while introverts are more focused on their own internal thoughts and emotions.
|
|
|
Sensation and Perception
|
humans see the world through sensation and perception. the world around us is constantly sending us stimuli so that we can react and act (we sense the temperature around us and perceive it to be cold, so we respond with a sweater.) Our various senses (vision, smell, taste, hearing and touch) have different jobs. Our behavior is determined by how well our senses "sense" and "perceive" different situations, people, and surroundings. From infancy, our brains have been working on perfecting perception. We must be trained on how to perceive danger from safeness, hot from cold, humor from pain.
|
|
|
Classical conditioning
|
One of the most basic understandings of learning is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was defined by experiments conducted by Ivan Pavlov who used a dog and a bell to see if animals could "learn" to respond a certain way when presented with a stimuli. When the dog heard a bell it would salivate and prepare to eat.
|
|
|
operant conditioning
|
behavior is either reinforced or punished. Skinner.
|
|
|
observational learning
|
when people learn how to behave by observing the behaviors of others.
|
|
|
A map scale of 1:4,000,000 represents:
|
one inch on the map for every 4,000,000 inches on the ground. Geographers express the scale of a map as a simple ratio of a length on the map to the length it represents on the actual ground. Thus, on a map drawn to 1:4,000,000 scale, one inch on the map represents 4,000,000 inches on the ground
|
|
|
Which of the following best represents an application of the geographic principle of region?
|
Constructing a table of several countries and listing common political, social and economic characteristics
|
|
|
A country is most likely to join the European Union for which of the following reasons?
|
So that it can exercise more economic power in the world market; The European Union, an economic union that developed out of earlier western European free-trade organizations, aimed to abolish trade barriers and encouraged the free movement of goods, people and labor within the union. The EU acts as a common market and member states benefit from being part of a much larger economic unit.
|
|
|
Commercial agriculture is most often practiced on farms where:
|
a single crop is grown for sale and processing. A common type of commercial agriculture features the production of a single crop (monoculture) for sale to processors. Monoculture is often more efficient than producing multiple crops on the same farm.
|
|
|
When people imitate the way celebrities dress, act or talk, it is an example of which of the following?
|
Social learning theory; social learning theory involves people learning by observing models and imitating them
|
