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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the kidney and liver?
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-kidney and liver= two highly vascular organs whose primary function is to purify blood by filtering fluids through cellular membranes
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Which radiation causes which cancers?
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-radioactive iodine: thyroid
-radioactive gases: throat and lung -heavy metals/x-rays: bone & |
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Electromagnetic energy is aka
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light
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Chemotroph vs. autotroph
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chemotroph- get energy from chemicals
autotroph- utilize CO2 as carbon source |
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Phototroph vs. heterotroph
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phototroph- energy from light
chemotroph- energy from chemicals |
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auxotroph
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-cannot survive on minimal medium because can't synthesize a molecule it needs to survive
-deficiency in a sugar means: cannot utilize it -deficiency in an amino acid means: cannot make it |
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Thermophile, mesophile, psychrophiles?
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thermophile- survive in hot temps
mesophile- survive in moderate temps psychrophiles- survive in cold temps (have enzymes that enable this) |
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3 Types of anaerobes
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Anaerobes do NOT require oxygen.
1) Obligate anaerobes: poisoned by oxygen 2) tolerant anaerobes: can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen but DONT use it in their metabolism 3) Facultative anaerobes: will USE oxygen when it's around but dont need it |
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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via binary fission, NOT sexually
-no meiosis, no genetic diversity (daughter cells are identical to parent cells) |
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How does asexual reproduction in eukaryotes differ from that in prokaryotes?
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in euk- asexual reproduction is through mitosis
in prok- no mitosis |
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lag phase, log phase, stationary phase
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lag phase- short time period prior to exponential growth of bacterial population, during which there is NO growth but there IS biosynthesis (i.e., glycolysis)
log phase- the period of exponential growth of a bacterial population stationary phase- hibernation, cease to divide b/c lack of nutrients |
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What are endospores and during which phase of bacterial life cycle do they form?
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Endospores= tough, thick external shell of peptidoglycan, form under unfavorable growth conditions
-form during stationary (hibernation) phase |
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What is metabolic reactivation of an endospore called?
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germination
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3 mechanisms by which bacteria acquire new genetic material:
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1) transduction: lysogenic phage
2) transformation: internalizing DNA 3) conjugation: |
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Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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Eukaryotes, mostly nonmobile & multicellular (except yeast-unicellular)
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What is the fungus' cell wall composed of?
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chitin (hard)
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Saphroytes
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a type of fungi that feeds off dead plants and animals
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Paracites
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feed off other organisms, doing them harm
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Mutualists
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live in a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
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Are most fungi aerobes or anaerobes? Which type specifically? What about yeast?
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Most fungi= obligate aerobes
Yeast= facultative anaerobe |
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Structure of fungi
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-cells joined end to end, separated by cell wall= septae hyphae
-aseptae hyphae= composed of cells joined together in a long tube, nuclei shared -mycellium= meshwork of hyphae |
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A large fungal structure visible to the eye is called a...
The vegetative part is for... And the fruiting body is for... |
thallus
-veg part is for obtaining nutrients -fruiting body is for reproduction (role: to make spores) |
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Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs via which 3 methods?
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1) budding- a smaller hyphus grows outward from existing one
2) fragmentation- mycelium can be broken --> pieces, formation of new mycelium 3) spore production- spores germinate to form new hyphae |
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All the cells of a fungal adult are...
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haploid (once 2 haploid fuse, meiosis quickly occurs to make haploid cells)
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What is complementary DNA?
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cDNA is DNA copied from fully spliced eukaryotic mRNA (using reverse transcriptase)
-inserted in plasmids for transforming bacteria during production of recombinant DNA because bacteria lack splicing mechanisms to make the functional protein (for humans) wanted |
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What are protozoans?
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Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes, mostly heterotrophic, and in many cases can reproduce sexually or asexually
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