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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What anti-HTN drug causes 1st dose orthostatic hypotension
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A1 blockers or –zosins
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What anti-HTN drug causes hypertrichosis
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Minoxidil
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What anti-HTN drug causes cyanide toxicity
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Nitroprusside
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What anti-HTN drug causes dry mouth and sedation c. severe rebound HTN
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Clonidine
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What anti-HTN drug causes bradycardia, impotence, and asthma exacerbations
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B-blockers
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What anti-HTN drug causes reflex tachycardia
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Vasodilators: Nitrates, dihydropyridine CCBs, minoxidil, hydralazine
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What anti-HTN drug causes metabolic alkalosis
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loop diuretics
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What anti-HTN drug causes elevated anti-histone antibodies
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Hydralazine, drug-induced SLE
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What anti-HTN drug causes hypercalcemia
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hydrochlorothiazide
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes hemispatial neglect syndrome
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Non-dominant parietal lobe
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes poor repetition
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Arcuate fasciculus
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes poor comprehension
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Wernicke’s area
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes poor vocal expression
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Broca’s area
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes personality changes
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Frontal lobe
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes dysarthria
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Cerebellar vermis, motor inability to speak
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes agraphia and acalculia
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Dominant parietal lobe
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A lesion to what area of the brain causes hyperorality, hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior
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Bilateral amygdala lesion
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What typically is the cause to a lesion of the mammillary bodies
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Thiamine deficiency, EtOH
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What artery is damaged with Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasias
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MCA
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What artery is damaged with unilateral lower extremity sensory and/or motor loss
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ACA
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Unilateral facial and arm sensory and/or motor loss
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MCA
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What heart defect is associated c. chromosome 22q11 deletion
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Truncus arteriosus, tetraology of Fallot
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What heart defect is associated c. Down’s Syndrome
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Endocardial cushion defect, ASD, VSD
AV septal defect |
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What heart defect is associated c. congenital rubella
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PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis, septal defect
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What heart defect is associated c. Turner’s syndrome
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Coarctation of the aorta
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What heart defect is associated c. Marfan’s Syndrome
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Aortic insufficiency
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Location of CN III, IV
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Midbrain
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Location of CN V, VI, VII, VIII
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Pons
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Location of CN IX, X, XI, XII
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Medulla
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What information is transmitted at Nucleus Solitaries
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Sensory
Taste, baroreceptors, gut distension |
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What information is transmitted at Nucleus Ambiguus
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Motor
Pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus |
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What information is transmitted at the Dorsal Motor Necleus
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Autonomic
Heart, lungs, upper GI tract |
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Diseases that may have Bell’s Palsy as a complication
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Lyme disease
Herpes zoster AIDS Sarcoidosis Tumors DM |
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What type of vasculitis has necrotizing granulomas of the lung and necrotizing glomerulomephritis
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Wegener’s granulomatosis
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What type of vasculitis has necrotizing immune complex inflammation of the visceral and renal vessels
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Polyarterits nodosa
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What type of vasculitis in young Asian women
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Takayasu’s
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What type of vasculitis in young asthmatics
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Churg-Strauss syndrome
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What type of vasculitis in infants and young children involving the coronary arteries
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Kawasaki’s disease
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What type of vasculitis is most common
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Temporal arteritis
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What type of vasculitis is associated c. Hep B infxn
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Polyarteritis nodosa
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What are the signs on Weber Syndrome?
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Contralateral spastic paralysis or hemiparesis
CN III palsy (eye looks down and out) Ptosis |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Wallenberg Syndrome?
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Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature on the face Hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex Ipsilateral Horner Syndrome Vertigo, nystagmus, nausea/vomiting Ipsilateral cerebellar deficits |
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Pansystolic murmur at the apex c. radiation to the axilla
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Mitral Regurgitation
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Fomepizole
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inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
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Disulfiram
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inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
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Lumbar puncture, what are the layers passed through:
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-Skin
-Superficial fascia -3 ligaments: Supraspinous lig, Interspinous lig, Liagmentum falvum -Epidural space -Dura mater -Subdural space -Arachnoid membrane -Subarachnoid space |
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What are the structures within the carotid sheath?
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Carotid Artery
Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve |
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What is the most common site of a berry aneurysm and what are the associated diseases?
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-anterior communicating artery
-Associated c. AD polycystic kidney disease and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
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80yr old c. Alzheimer’s falls and presents 3 days later to the ER c. severe HA and vomiting, likely dx is?
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Diagnosis: Subdural Hematoma
Damaged structure: Bridging veins |
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Communicating hydrocephalus
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decreased absorption of CSF at the arachnoid villi
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Non-communicating hydrocephalus
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Physical, mechanical obstruction of the ventricles
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Characteristics of NPH
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Wet- urinary incontinence
Wobbly- ataxoa Wacky- dementia |
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Intention tremor:
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Associated c. cerebellar damage
Appears only c. voluntary movements |
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Resting tremor:
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Disappears c. voluntary movement
Associated c. Parkinson’s disease |
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What is the rate-limiting step in heme synthesis
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Aminolevulininc synthase, cofactor Vitamin B6
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What excitatory NT is involved in pain
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Substance P
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Lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta causes what
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hypokinesia
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Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus causes what
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hemiballismus
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Cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease
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Tremor
Rigidity Akinesia or hypokinesia Postural instability Mask-like facies Festinating gait |
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28yr old chemist presents c. MPTP exposure. What NT is depleted?
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Dopamine
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How does the globus pallidus internal segment impact movement?
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Inhibitor of movement
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How does the subthalamic nucleus impact movement?
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Inhibitor of movement
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How does the substantia nigra pars compacts impact movement?
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Facilitation of movement
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A male pt presents c. involuntary failing of one arm. Where is the lesion?
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Hemiballismus → subthalamic nucleus on the contralateral side
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What NTs are altered in Huntington’s disease?
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Decreased acetylcholine and GABA
Increased dopamine |
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Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard in the 2nd and 3rd right interspace
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Aortic stenosis
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Rumbling late diastolic murmur c. an opening snap
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Mitral stenosis
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Pansystolic murmur best heard at the 4th and 6th left intercostal spaces
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Tricuspid regurgitation or VSD
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Continuous machine-like murmur
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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
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Organisms that cause endocarditis
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Staph aureus
Viridans streptococci Enterococci (VRE) Staph. Epidermidis Strep Bovis |
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What organisms are culture negative and cause endocarditis
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Haemophilus species
Actinobacillus species Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella “HACEK bacteria” |
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What 4 drug regime is used to tx TB?
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Rifampin
Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
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Which spinal tract conveys touch, vibration, and pressure sensation
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Dorsal columns
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Which spinal tract conveys voluntary motor command from motor cortex to body
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Lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts
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Which spinal tract conveys voluntary motor cortex to head and neck
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Corticobulbar tract
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Which spinal tract conveys alternate routes for the mediation of voluntary movement
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Reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts
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Which spinal tract conveys pain and temperature information
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Lateral spinothalamic tract
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Which spinal tract is important for postural adjustments and head movements
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Vestibulospinal tract
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Which spinal tract conveys proprioceptive information for the cerebellum
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Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
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Characteristics of ALS
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Combined UMN and LMN defects
No sensory deficit |
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Charcot’s triad of Multiple Sclerosis:
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Scanning speech
Intention tremor Nystagmus |
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What is pulsus paradoxus and what are the causes?
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Systolic BP drops >10mmHg c. inspiration
Seen c. Asthma, COPD, Croup, Cardiac tamponade |
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What hematological disease is associated c. (+) Ham’s test
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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What hematological disease is associated c. Heinz bodies
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G6PD deficiency
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What hematological disease is associated c. Basophilic stippling
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lead poisoning
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What hematological disease is associated c. (+) osmotic fragility test
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Hereditary spherocytosis
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What hematological disease is associated c. (+) DEB test
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Fanconi anemia
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What hematological disease is associated c. D-dimer
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Fibrin degradation, increased clotting- DIC, DVT/PE
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What hematological disease is associated c. (+) Coomb’s test
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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What hematological disease is associated c. (-) Coomb’s test
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Non-autoimmune hymolytic anemia
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What hematological disease is associated c. (+) Ristocetin test
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von Willebrand disease
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Outline the flow of fetal circulation:
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Umbilical vein (high O2) → Ductus venosus → IVC → Right atrium → (two possible paths)
-Left atrium (via foramen ovale) → left ventricle → aorta → systemic circulation (majority of blood) -Right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs but usually ductus arterious → descending aorta → systemic circulation Systemic circulation → -internal iliac arteries → umbilical arteries → placenta -IVC → heart |
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What are the symptoms of a lesion to the C5 and C6 nerve roots?
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Erb-Duchene Palsy
-paralysis of the UE -Medial rotation -Forearm pronation -Arm hangs at side |
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What are the symptoms of a lesion to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
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Klumpke’s Palsy, compression by cervical rib
-sensory deficits of the forearm and hand on the medial side -atrophy of the thenar, hypothenar, and interosseous muscles |
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What nerve is damaged c. claw hand
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ulnar n or median n
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What nerve is damaged c. ape hand
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median n
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What nerve is damaged c. wrist drop
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radial n
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What nerve is damaged c. scapular winging
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long thoracic n
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What nerve is damaged c. inability to wipe bottom
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thoracodorsal n
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What nerve is damaged c. loss of forearm pronation
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median n
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What nerve is damaged when pt cannot abduct or adduct fingers
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Ulnar n
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What nerve is damaged c. loss of shoulder abduction
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axillary n
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What nerve is damaged c. weak external rotation of arm
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suprascapular n
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What nerve is damaged c. loss of elbow flexion and forearm supination
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musculocutaneous n
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What nerve is damaged c. loss of wrist extension
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radial n
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What nerve is damaged c. trouble initiating should abduction
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suprascapular n
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What nerve is damaged c. inability to abduct arm beyond 10 degrees
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axillary n
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What nerve is damaged c. inability to raise arm above the horizontal
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long thoracic n and spinal accessory n
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What nerve is at most risk c. fracture/injury of the shaft of the numerous
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Radial n
Deep brachial artery Muscular actions affected: wrist drop and loss of brachioradialis refelx |
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What nerve is at most risk c. fracture/injury of the surgical neck of the humerus
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Axillary n
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What nerve is at most risk c. fracture/injury of the supracondylar humerus fracture
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Median n
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What nerve is at most risk c. fracture/injury of the medial epicondyle
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Ulnar n
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What nerve is at most risk c. fracture/injury of anterior shoulder dislocation
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Axillary n
Posterior circumflex artery |
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What nerve is at most risk c. fracture/injury to the carpal tunnel
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Median n
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Pt present c. decreases pain and temperature sensation over the lateral aspect of both arms, where is the lesion?
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Central canal of the cervical spine
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Which aortic arch develop the common carotid artery
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3rd arch
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Which aortic arch develop the aortic arch
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4th arch (left)
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Which aortic arch develop the right subclavian
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4th arch (right)
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Which aortic arch develop the pulmonary arteries
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6th arch
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Classic presentation of a thyroglossal duct cyst
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Midline neck mass that moves c. swallowing
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