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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In dyadic communication, who are we interacting with?
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one-to-one
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What are the essential elements of human communication?
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people, messages, channels, noise, context, feedback, and effect
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What do channels of communication include?
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sight and sound
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What is noise?
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Anything that interferes with or distorts our ability to send or receive messages
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According to your text, can intellectual ability create noise in communication?
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Yes
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Feedback that is designed to encourage us to continue behaving as we are is called what?
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Positive feedback
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According to psychologist William Schutz, we all have a need for what?
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inclusion, control, and affection
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According to your text, communication is at the core of what?
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humanness
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The transmission of messages processed by gatekeepers prior to their being sent to a large audience is called what?
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interpersonal communication
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When a message generated by one culture needs to be processed by a member of another culture, the interactants are communicating in what way?
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interracially
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People displaying ethnocentric tendencies might go out of their way to maintain distance from people who are what?
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from different cultures
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What is cultural relativism?
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the acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own
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The United States is now the most/least demographically diverse country in the world?
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most
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Individualistic countries include what countries?
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Great Britain, U.S., Canada, France, and Germany
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Collectivistic countries include what countries?
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Arab, African, Asian, and Latin American countries
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Cultures that are high-context communication systems are bound by what?
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tradition
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Cultures that are low-context communication systems exhibit what?
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a more direct communication style
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A(n) _________ consists of a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors used by members.
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culture
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Interpreting and sharing messages with people from different races is called what?
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interracial communication
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The melting pot philosophy assumes what?
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that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture
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The means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture is called what?
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assimilation
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Why do prejudices arise?
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Either we want to feel more positively about our own group or we feel others present a threat real or not
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What does your self-concept consist of?
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self-image and self-esteem
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When does a self-fulfilling prophecy occur?
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when an individual's expectation of an event helps create the conditions that permit that event to happen
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Robert Rosenthal discovered that when teachers expected children to do well, the children did what?
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well
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Whereas the Pygmalion effect relates to the expectations that others have for us, what does the Galatea effect relate to?
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the expectations we have for ourselves
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What are the four quadrants of the Johari window?
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open, blind, hidden, and unknown
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To a large extent, your self-concept is shaped by what?
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self-image and self-esteem
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Older Americans tend to have a self-concept that is _______ younger Americans.
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lower than that of
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Researcher Martin Seligman found that optimists are more/less successful than pessimists?
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more
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The Galatea effect refers to expectations we have for who?
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ourselves
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An idiocentric orientation refers to what?
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an individualistic point of view
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What is self-discovery?
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When you find out who you truly are
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Some people feel that reinforcing self-esteem can precipitate a culture of what?
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bullying
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Perception is the process of what?
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making sense out of experience
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Our past experiences provide us with expectations. These expectations are sometimes called what?
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perceptual sets
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We tend to see what we want to see and hear what we want to hear. This is a result of what?
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selective attention
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The tendency to make judgments on the basis of first impressions is called what?
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primacy effect
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What is a stereotype?
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a generalization about people, places, or events held by many members of a society
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What do we do when we "blinder" ourselves?
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We unconsciously add restrictions that limit our perceptual capabilities
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The primacy effect is a what?
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first impression
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We desire to perceive experience exactly as we have perceived it in the past. This is called what?
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perceptual constancy
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A biased negative attitude about a group of people is called what?
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prejudice
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What does selective perception refer to?
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We see the world as we think it should be
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Cultural nearsightedness refers to what?
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It's hard to understand that everyone behaves differently
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What do we do when we practice selective exposure?
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We don't want to try anything new
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"A unified system of symbols that permits a sharing of meaning" describes
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language
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The "triangle of meaning" shows that
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the word is not the thing and there is no direct connection between the two
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Denotation refers to
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The objective or dictionary meaning of a word
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The connotative meaning of a word is
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the subjective meaning of a word
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Powertalkers
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They direct the action; or assume control
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When people "bypass" one another, they use
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the same word or phrase but give it different meanings
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To avoid bypassing, you should
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be "person-minded" instead of "word-minded"
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Meanings are in
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everything
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The belief that language influences how we interpret the world is called
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linguistic determinism
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Words that are discriminatory but are not literally racist are called
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racial code words
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A euphemism
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can help conceal a communicator's meaning by making the message delivered appear more congenial than it actually is
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What is Netiquette?
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rules of the Internet
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According to theorists such as Mehrabian, Knapp, and Birdwhistell, approximately how much of a normal two-person conversation is communicated nonverbally?
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65%
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Kinesics is a term for
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the study of the relationship between human body motion, or body language, and communication
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Which nonverbal mode is the main channel for communicating emotions?
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facial expressions
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Eye contact and lack of eye contact give us certain types of information, including letting us know
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emotions
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What is paralanguage?
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vocal cues that accompany spoken language
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Highness or lowness of the voice--pitch--is a part of
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pitch on a musical scale
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Edward Hall uses the term proxemics to refer to
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human beings' "use of space"
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Which distance is used most often during a normal conversation with friends?
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personal distance
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The term haptics refers to
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the study of the use of touch
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Artifacts in nonverbal communication include
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jewelry and clothing
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Jewelry is an example of
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artifactual communication
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On the average, about how much of our communicative time is spent listening?
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Between 42 and 53%
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Most people would estimate that they listen at about 75 percent efficiency; that is, they retain about 75 percent of what is said. In fact, according to research, this estimate is
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actually 25%
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When we give evaluative feedback, we
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state our opinion about a matter being discussed
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"Red flag" words
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produce emotional deafness, sending listening efficiency down to 0.
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What is paraphrasing?
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Restating in your own words what another person has said
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An interpersonal relationship is
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a meaningful connection, such as friendship, between two people
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Which interpersonal need has to do with giving and receiving love and experiencing an emotionally close relationship?
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affection
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If our need for affection goes unfulfilled, what are we likely to conclude?
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We are unlovable and that people will remain emotionally detached from us
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William Schutz notes that inclusion has to do with the problem of what?
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loneliness
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Breadth of a relationship has to do with what?
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loneliness
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Depth of a relationship has to do with what?
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how central the topics are to your self-concept and how much you reveal
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At which stage of a relationship are two individuals first identified as a pair or a "package"?
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Stage 4: Integrating
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At which stage of a relationship do people begin to share things in common, disclose more, and become better at predicting each other's behavior?
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Stage 3: Intensifying
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The varying degrees to which we all need to maintain a feeling of mutual interest with others is called?
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Inclusion
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According to the ______ theory, we work to maintain a relationship only as long as the benefits outweigh the costs.
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cost-benefit/social exchange
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The grief process includes what stages?
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Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression, Acceptance
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What is an emotion state?
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A particular emotional process of limited duration
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What is an emotion trait?
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The tendency to experience specific emotions when interacting with others
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According to some researchers, which people are more likely than others to die early?
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hostile people
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What are the major factors influencing attraction?
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Attractiveness, Proximity, Reinforcement, Similarity, Complementarity
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Emotional intelligence includes
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the ability to motivate oneself, to control impulses, to recognize and regulate one's moods, to empathize, and to hope
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What is the definition of an acquaintanceship?
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relationships with persons we know by name and with whom we converse when the chance arises
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What is the customary order of the development of a friendship?
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role-limited friendly relationships
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In which type of interview is the interviewer usually a superior from management?
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appraisal
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What is the purpose of an appraisal interview?
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To evaluate what the interviewee is doing well and what he needs to work on
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What is included in the opening phase of an interview?
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Provides an orientation to what will come
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During the body of a hiring interview, interviewer and interviewee typically do what?
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Discuss
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Both the interviewer and the interviewee should use the hiring interview to do what?
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Ask questions
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What is the best way to handle an illegal question in an interview?
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Respond to the illegal question with only what is necessary to answer
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What is the definition of a group?
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A collection of individuals who interact verbally and nonverbally
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For most tasks, a group with how many members seems to work best?
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5-7 people
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A group technique that is used to promote a free flow of ideas is called
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brainstorming
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What inhibits brainstorming?
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Ideas
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What are the characteristics of an effective group climate?
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supportiveness, participative, decision-making
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