Sociology Midterm Exam Chapters 1-12

Front 1

The special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people

Back 1

Sociological perspective

Front 2

What we considera a personal choice such as whether or not to go to college, how many children we will have, even the decision to end our own life is affected by what?

Back 2

Social Forces

Front 3

How did Peter Berger describe the sociological perspective?

Back 3

Seeing the general in the particular.

Front 4

The experience of being an outsider or living through a social crisis can encourage people to use what point of view?

Back 4

Sociological perspective

Front 5

What did C. Wright Mills call the sociological perspective, claiming it transforms personal troubles into public issues?

Back 5

Sociological imagination

Front 6

The systematic study of human society.

Back 6

Sociology

Front 7

The global perspective states that where we live does what?

Back 7

Shapes the lives we lead

Front 8

What are 3 ways that societies around the world are becoming increasingly interconnected?

Back 8

Technology, Immigration, and Trade.

Front 9

A way that allows people around the world to share popular trends.

Back 9

Technology

Front 10

What increases the racial and ethnic diversity of the United States?

Back 10

Immigration

Front 11

This has created a global economy.

Back 11

Trade across the national boundaries

Front 12

Are the social problems that we face in the US more or less serious than other countries?

Back 12

More serious

Front 13

Learning about life in other societies helps us learn more about what?

Back 13

Ourselves

Front 14

The study of the larger world and our society's place in it.

Back 14

Global Perspective

Front 15

Nations with the highest overall standards of living.

Back 15

High-income countries

Front 16

Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole.

Back 16

Middle-income countries

Front 17

Nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor.

Back 17

Low-income countries

Front 18

What role does research by sociologists play?

Back 18

Shaping public policy

Front 19

On a personal level, what helps us see the opportunities and limits in our lives and empowers us to be active citizens?

Back 19

Sociological perspective

Front 20

A background in what serves as excellent preparation for success in many different careers?

Back 20

Sociology

Front 21

A way of understanding based on science.

Back 21

Positivism

Front 22

In the 18th and 19th century, what made people more aware of their surroundings and helped trigger the development of sociology?

Back 22

Rapid social change

Front 23

This moved work from home to factories, weakening the traditions that had guided community life for centuries.

Back 23

The rise of an industrial economy

Front 24

This created many social problems, such as crime and homelessness.

Back 24

The explosive growth of cities

Front 25

What is based on ideas of individual liberty and individual rights that encourage people to question the structure of society.

Back 25

Political change

Front 26

Who named sociology in 1838 to describe a new way of looking at society?

Back 26

Auguste Comte

Front 27

What did early philosophers try to describe?

Back 27

The ideal society.

Front 28

Comte wanted to understand society by using what?

Back 28

Positivism

Front 29

Karl Marx and many later sociologists used society to do what?

Back 29

Make society better.

Front 30

States how facts are related by weaving observations into insight and understanding.

Back 30

Theory

Front 31

What are the 3 theoretical approaches that sociologists used to describe the operation of society?

Back 31

Structural-functional, Social-conflict, and Symbolic-interaction

Front 32

Which 2 approaches are part of a macro-level observation?

Back 32

Structural-functional approach and Social-Conflict approach.

Front 33

The framework for building a theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

Back 33

Structural-Functional approach

Front 34

What 3 sociologists helped develop the structural-functional approach?

Back 34

Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Herbert Spencer

Front 35

Who pointed out that social structures have both manifest functions and latent functions. He also identified social dysfunction as patterns that may disrupt the operation of society.

Back 35

Thomas Merton

Front 36

The framework for building a theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

Back 36

Social-Conflict approach

Front 37

Which sociologist helped develop the social-conflict approach?

Back 37

Karl Marx

Front 38

Who identified the "double consciousness" of African Americans.

Back 38

W.E.B. Du Bois

Front 39

What approach is part of the micro-level observation?

Back 39

Symbolic-Interaction Approach

Front 40

The framework for building a theory that sees sociey as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.

Back 40

Symbolic-Interaction approach

Front 41

Who claimed that people's beliefs and values shape society and is the basis of the social-interaction approach.

Back 41

Max Weber

Front 42

States that social life is guided by what each person stands to gain or lose from the interaction.

Back 42

Social-exchange analysis

Front 43

A basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Back 43

theoretical approach

Front 44

The consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

Back 44

social function

Front 45

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

Back 45

social structure

Front 46

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.

Back 46

social dysfunction

Front 47

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men.

Back 47

gender-conflict approach

Front 48

support of social equality for women and men

Back 48

feminism

Front 49

a point of view that focuses of inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.

Back 49

race-conflict approach

Front 50

a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.

Back 50

macro-level orientation

Front 51

a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.

Back 51

micro-level approach

Front 52

What is a manifest function of sports?

Back 52

recreation, physical shape, and a harmless way to let off steam.

Front 53

What is a latent function of sports?

Back 53

Building social relationships, and creating thousands of jobs.

Front 54

Considering the social-conflict approach, gives some problems with sports.

Back 54

1. Historically, sports have benefitted men more than women. 2. Some sports, such as golf, sailing, and skiing are accessible mainly to affluent people. 3. Racial discrimination exists in professional sports.

Front 55

Considering the social-interaction approach of sports, list some understandings that people have of sports.

Back 55

1. Within a team, players affect each other's understanding of the sport. 2. The reaction of the public can affect how players perceive their sport.

Front 56

a simplified description applied to every person in some category.

Back 56

stereotype

Front 57

What does the sociological perspective tell us about whom any individual chooses to marry?

Back 57

The operation of society guides many of our personal choices.

Front 58

Which early sociologist studied patterns of suicide?

Back 58

Emile Durkheim

Front 59

Which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838?

Back 59

Auguste Comte

Front 60

Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

Back 60

Structural-functional approach

Front 61

Which term refers to the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern?

Back 61

Manifest functions

Front 62

Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to what?

Back 62

Patterns of social inequality

Front 63

Which woman, among the first sociologists, studied the evils of salvery and also translated the writings of Auguste Comte?

Back 63

Harriet Martineau

Front 64

What are 2 basic requirements for sociological investigation?

Back 64

To Know how to apply sociological perspective and be curious and ready to ask questions about the world around you.

Front 65

A logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

Back 65

Science

Front 66

Information we can verify with our senses.

Back 66

Empirical Evidence

Front 67

Name 3 ways to do sociology.

Back 67

Scientific sociology, interpretive sociology, and critical sociology.

Front 68

the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior.

Back 68

scientific sociology

Front 69

the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.

Back 69

Interpretive sociology

Front 70

the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

Back 70

critical sociology

Front 71

Scientific sociology requires carefully operationalizing variables and ensuring that measurement is what?

Back 71

Reliable and valid

Front 72

Scientific sociology observes how variables are related and tries to establish what?

Back 72

cause and effect

Front 73

How does scientific sociology see an objective reality?

Back 73

Out there

Front 74

What does scientific sociology favor?

Back 74

quantitive data

Front 75

Scientfice sociology can be researched where?

Back 75

In a laboratory.

Front 76

Scientific sociology demands that researchers try to be objective and suspend what as they conduct research?

Back 76

Their personal values and biases

Front 77

How does interpretive sociology see reality?

Back 77

Constructed by people in the course of their everyday lives.

Front 78

What does interpretive sociology favor?

Back 78

qualitive data

Front 79

What type of setting can you perform interpretive sociology?

Back 79

Natural setting

Front 80

scientific sociology is also called what?

Back 80

positivist sociology

Front 81

What does critical sociology ask?

Back 81

Moral and political questions

Front 82

What does critical sociology focus on?

Back 82

Inequality

Front 83

Critical sociology rejects the principle of objectivity and claims that all research is what?

Back 83

political

Front 84

Who criticized scientific sociology as supporting the status quo?

Back 84

Karl Marx

Front 85

What is scientific sociology loosely linked to?

Back 85

Structural-functional approach

Front 86

What is interpretive sociology related to?

Back 86

Symbolic-interaction approach

Front 87

What does critical sociology correspond with?

Back 87

social-conflict approach

Front 88

The mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form.

Back 88

Concept

Front 89

A concept whose value changes from case to case.

Back 89

Variable

Front 90

A procedure for determing the value of a variable in a specific case.

Back 90

measurement

Front 91

specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable.

Back 91

operationalizing a variable

Front 92

consistency in measurement

Back 92

reliability

Front 93

actually measuring exactly what you tend to measure.

Back 93

validity

Front 94

a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another.

Back 94

cause and effect

Front 95

the variable that causes the change

Back 95

independent variable

Front 96

the variable that changes

Back 96

dependent variable

Front 97

a relationship in which two or more variables change together

Back 97

correlation

Front 98

an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variable.

Back 98

spurious correlation

Front 99

holding constant all variables except one in order to see clearly the effect of that variable

Back 99

control

Front 100

personal neutrality in conducting research

Back 100

objectivity

Front 101

repetition of research by other investigators

Back 101

replication

Front 102

List 5 ways that gender can affect research.

Back 102

androcentricity, overgeneralizing, gender blindness, double standards, and interference.

Front 103

List 4 things that researchers MUST do.

Back 103

protect the privacy of the subjects, obtain the informed consent of subjects, indicate all sources of funding, and submit research to an institutional review board to ensure it doesn't violate ethical standards.

Front 104

the persoanl traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.

Back 104

gender

Front 105

a systematic plan for doing research

Back 105

research method

Front 106

a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

Back 106

experiment

Front 107

a statement of a possible relationship between 2 or more variables.

Back 107

hypothesis

Front 108

a change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied.

Back 108

Hawthorne effect

Front 109

a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statments or questions in a questionnaire or an interview.

Back 109

survey