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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is rationality?
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using rules, efficiency and practical results to determine human affairs
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What is a traditional society?
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society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present
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Capitalism is characterized by...
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the private ownership of the means of production
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What is bureaucracy?
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a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor, emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications and records
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What is the McDonaldization of society?
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the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation
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What is alienation? Who?
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marx- workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor, caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness
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What is the Peter principle?
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members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence
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What is the iron law of oligarchy?Who?
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Robert Michel
tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite |
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What is humanizing a work setting?
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organizing a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impedes human potential
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What is deviance?
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the violation of norms
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What is stigma?
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"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal identity"
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What is differential association? Who?
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Edwin Sutherland, people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant
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What is the control theory?
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the idea that two control systems (inner/ outer) work against our tendencies to deviate
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What is the labeling theory?
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the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity
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What are institutionalized means?
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approved ways of reaching cultural goals
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What is the strain theory? Who?
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Robert Merton
strain engendered when a society socialized large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal, but withholds from some of the approved means of reaching that goal |
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What are white collar crimes? Who?
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Edwin Sutherland
crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations |
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What is the recidivism rate?
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the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested
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What is the medicalization of deviance?
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making deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians
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What is social stratification?
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the division of large numbers of people into layers of according to their relative property, power and prestige
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Bonded labor AKA
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indentured service
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What is endogamy?
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the practice of marrying within one's own group
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What is apartheid?
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the enforced separation of racial-ethnic groups (S. Africa)
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What were the three groups of the estate stratification system? Where?
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medieval Europe
-nobility, clergy and commoners |
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Class consciousness? who?
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Marx
awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production |
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False class consciousness? who?
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Marx
workers identifying with the interests of capitalists |
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Explain the divine rights of kings.
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the idea that the king's authority comes from God
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What is the world system theory?
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economic/ political connections that tie the world's countries together
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What is neocoloniolism?
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the economic/ political dominance of the least industrialized nations by the most industrialized nations
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