Sociology Final Exam

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Hispanic Americans

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Several major groups, of which Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans are the largest. The Hispanic American cultural experience varies greatly, depending on the particular ethnic group, area of the country, and a period involved.

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Hispanic Americans

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A common language, otherwise many significant differences. There are many racial mixtures in Latin America, but language, culture and religion are more homogenous than in the USA even among Anglos.

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Hispanic Americans

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Latino Identity: only one in four Hispanics/Latinos, prefers to use pan-ethnic terms such as Hispanic or Latino. The majority of Hispanics prefer identifying themselves by nationality.

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Hispanic Americans

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In most Latin American countries, skin color is less important than social class as an indicator of social status. However a correlation exists between darker skin color and lower social standing.

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Hispanic Americans

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Color Gradient: the placement of people on a continuum form light to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial grouping by skin color.

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Hispanics’ Race

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Color often serves as an unexpected basis of discrimination for Latinos coming to the United States.

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“No Race”; “Cultural Race”.
“La Rasa Cosmica”: 1925;

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amalgamation of
The Indian, Black and White races; all the Spanish
Speakers in the Western hemisphere share a cultural
bond.

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Population

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More than one in eight people in the United States today are of Spanish or Latin American origin. The Census Bureau estimates this figure will reach one in three by the year 2100.

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Population

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48.4 million Hispanics, 16 % of total population of 299 million.
+ 4 mission of residents of Puerto Rico, a Caribbean U.S. territory.

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Population

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In 2000- 2010 Hispanic growth rate (24.3%) was more than three times the growth rate of the total population (6.1%).

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Population

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Hispanics are expected to constitute 30% of the nation’s population by 2050.

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The Economic Picture

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The median household income of Latinos has increased over the last twenty years.

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The Economic Picture

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Latino households can expect to earn 70 cents on the dollar received by its white counterpart.

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The Economic Picture

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The proportion of Latinos in poverty has been two or three times that of non-Hispanic whites.

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The Growing Political Presence

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Federal law now requires bilingual or even multilingual ballots in voting districts where at least 5% of the voting people belongs to a single minority group. The potential for a greater Latino political presence is strong.

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Hispanic Americans Assimilation

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National origin and age of entry are significant variables in the effectiveness of education as an agent of assimilation.

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Hispanic Americans Assimilation

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Recent studies show high rates of intermarriage with non-Hispanics, yet an exception exists among Puerto Ricans and Dominicans.

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Hispanic Americans Assimilation

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Residential clustering in urban areas have resulted in a high level of increasingly segregated schools.

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Hispanic Americans Assimilation

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The % of White students in LA County high school attended by Mexican American students has dropped from 45 % to 15 % since 19

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Mexican Americans

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Most of the 27 million Mexican Americans live in the southwestern states, accounting for more than 3/4 of all Hispanics in Arizona, California, Illinois, and Texas, as well more than 50% of all Hispanics in Colorado and New Mexico.

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Mexican Americans

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About 92% live in metropolitan areas, but only 44 % reside inside principal cities.

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Mexican Americans

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Many of the central-city residents are of a low socioeconomic status and live in areas where the school dropout rate of Mexican American youths runs as high as 45 %, with student alienation serving as a major cause.

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Mexican Americans

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The U.S. did not restrict immigration from Mexico through legislation until 1956.

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Mexican Americans

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“Mojados” – refers to those who secretly swam across the Rio Grande.

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Mexican Americans
Recruitment & Expulsion(Operation Wetback)

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In the 2nd half of the 19th century, Mexicans helped fill U.S. labor needs.

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Recruitment & Expulsion(Operation Wetback)

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In 1930s, during the recession– the program of
repatriation, when government officials found and expelled 3.8 million undocumented Mexicans.

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Recruitment & Expulsion(Operation Wetback)

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“Bracero” – contracted Mexican laborers brought to the U.S. during World War II.

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Recruitment & Expulsion(Operation Wetback)

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From 1942-1964 under the ‘Bracero’ program, Mexican aliens entered the U.S. on temporary visas and then returned to Mexico after the harvest.

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Zoot Suit Riot of 1943

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The 1943 “Zoot Suit Riots” in Los Angeles. Mexican Americans who had taken factory jobs in LA were attacked by armed sailors and police. The causes:
- racial.
- economic.
- political.

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Zoot Suit Riot of 1943

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Young Hispanic men would wear baggy suits and have longer hair.

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Chicano Civil Rights Movement

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Until 1960 ‘Chicano’ was a derogatory name applied to a ‘lower’ –class Mexican Indian people rather than to the Mexican Spanish.

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Chicano Civil Rights Movement

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The Chicano movement emerged as an outgrowth of the Civil Rights movement.

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Chicano Civil Rights Movement

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Chicanismo – am ideology emphasizing pride and positive identiry among Mexican Americans.

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The Puerto Ricans

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Puerto Rico was annexed by the U.S in 1898.

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The Puerto Ricans

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The greatest period of Puerto Rican migration was 1946–1964, when about 615,000 moved to the mainland.

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The Puerto Ricans

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Over 1 million Caribbean immigrants arrived in the 1990s, and another 660,000 came between 2000 and 2006.

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The Puerto Ricans

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U.S. citizens since 1917 – still can’t vote in federal elections.
Collapse of sugar created push to the U.S.

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The Puerto Ricans
Pull factor:

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manufacturing and urban employment offered options to Puerto Ricans who were able to navigate freely between the U.S. and Puerto Rico.

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The Puerto Ricans

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Moving back to the island:
Close proximity & ease of return to island.
Retirement in warmer, more familiar, climate.
Family-oriented society
To escape discrimination and violent crime in U.S.

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The Puerto Ricans
Racial Classification on the Island

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Miscegenation – mixed race.
Color gradient- the placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color.

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Racial Classification on the Island

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The racial classification is similar to cosmic race – where the lighter, whiter, peoples are still favored over the rest.

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Racial Classification on the Island

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Race as culturally determined – mixing presents complexity.

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Family & Religion

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Family and familial relationships considered deeper than in general nuclear-centered U.S. family.

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Family & Religion

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Religion: Not necessarily Catholic. Can include Pentecostal & other Protestant faiths:
Smaller congregations.
sense of belonging/community

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Cuban Americans

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Third in number to Mexicans and Puerto-Ricans.

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Cuban Americans

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Almost 500,000 people came to the United States from the West Indies between 1820 and 1950, although the Cubans appear to have had little impact on the U.S. scene during that period.

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Cuban Americans

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The 1960 Census: 79,000 born Cubans lived in the U.S.
- Since 1960, 910,000 Cubans have entered the US
- By 2008: 1.5 million

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Cuban Americans

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Miami is called ‘Little Havana’. Formed own ethnic & economical enclave due to discrimination.

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Cuban Americans: Immigration

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Through the Platt Amendment of 1902 the U.S. reserved the right to intervene in
Cuba if necessary to protect U.S. interests.

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Cuban Americans: Immigration

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In the 1960s - 1980s, all immigrants from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the wet feet, dry feet policy.

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Cuban Americans: Immigration

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The initial exodus of about 200,000 Cubans after the Cuban Revolution.
In October 1962 all legal movement between
two nations was halted.

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Cuban Americans: Immigration

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In 1965, a program of freedom flights:
specially arranged charter flights from Havana
to Miami.

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Cuban Americans: Immigration

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“Marielitos” is a derogatory term for Cuban
Refugees, many of whom were undesirable
by Cuban government.

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Economic and educational achievements

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Gained an enormous amount of wealth and  prosperity in an extremely short period of time; no other immigrant group  has achieved this as quickly as the Cubans.

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Economic and educational achievements

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Second-generation Cuban Americans were more educated than even Anglo Americans, and have higher income.

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Economic and educational achievements

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“Displaced bourgeoisie” – highly educated, upper/middle class professionals/businesspeople alienated by the new regime.

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Political views

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Americans of Cuban heritage are the most overwhelmingly Republican ethnic group in the U.S.

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Political views

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This is the most diminutive Democratic registration of any ethnic group in the U.S.;

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Political views

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72% of them are registered with Republican party, that is the highest for any ethnic group in the U.S.