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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Sociological Imagination
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Coinedby C. Wright Mills (1959) -Givesus an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society
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Example of Sociological Imagination |
Pretend you were cloned at birth, and there are seven versions of you. Oneversion was put on each continent. Ifall of the clones met back up after 20 years, what would you still have incommon? Whatwould be different?
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Is sociology a social science? |
Yes, and it focuses on how society shapes attitudes and behaviors. |
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Common Sense Vs. Sociology |
Common Sense: Women talk far more than men.
Sociological Finding: Women and men speak on average the same number of words per day (16,000) |
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Value relevance
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we choose topics we are interested in
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Value neutrality
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we attempt to remain neutral in the research process
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Social Theories |
Are systematic ideas about the relationship between individuals and societies |
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Stereotype |
Making faulty generalizations about individuals based on what we think we know about the groups they are members of. |
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Commonsense "aphorisms" |
Short phrases stating a truth or opinion |
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Social Context |
Influence of society on individuals |
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Identities |
The conceptions we and others have about who we are and what groups or categories we are members of. |
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Sociology |
The study of the diverse contexts within which individuals' lives unfold and the social world is created. |
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Social Interaction |
Refers to the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior in response to the presence of others. |
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Norms |
Basic rules of society that help us know what is and what is not appropriate to do in any situation |
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Social Structure |
To describe the many diverse ways in which the rules and norms of everyday life become enduring patterns that shape and govern social interactions. |
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Social Hierarchies |
A set of important and enduring social positions that often grant some individuals and groups higher status and more power than others. |
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Three common themes (theme 1) |
•What is the nature of the individual, and what are the capacities of the individuality act in the context of society?
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Three common themes (Theme )
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•What is the basis for social order, that is, what is it that holds societies together?
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(Theme 3) Three common themes |
•What are the circumstances or conditions under which societies change?
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Theories enable us to see things in a different way
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•They can guide and provoke
•They encourage us to ask newquestions ••They often incite action and criticalthinking to come up with new approaches |
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Social theories cover a large range
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•Some seek to explain universal features of all societies
•Others are more focused on aspecific time and place |
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Classical Social Theory in Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
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Period of enormous change, marked by key transitions
-Change from agriculture to industry based economy – Movement from rural to city areas – Governmental change from monarchies to democracies – Decline in religious influence on public life |
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The Evolution of Social Theory
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Key principle: The idea that the way humans produce the things they need to live is the essentialfoundation of any society.
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Marx: Societal Modes of Production
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Ancient Societies: Based on slavery Feudalism: Characterized bylargely agrarian societies with a tiny group of landowners Capitalism: Economies organizedaround market-based exchange |
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Marx’s analysis of modern societies (1 of 1)
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•Capitalism would soon become thedominant global economic system.
• Understanding the conflictbetween members of bourgeoisie and proletariat is important. 1 |
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Marx’s analysis of modern societies (2 of 2)
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Relevance of Marx’s model ofsociety and social change today
• Early theorist ofglobalization • Claimed socialist revolution mosteffective after long period of capitalist growth in development 2 |
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The Evolution of Social Theory
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EmileDurkheim
•Developed the conceptof the social fact •Provided analysis ofthe roots of social solidarity •Provided analysis ofreligion as a force inmodern life |
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Social Facts
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•Regularities and rules of everyday life that every human community develops
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Social Forces
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•Social forces are broader than social facts, but the two terms are largely interchangeable
•Human behavior is not natural, but learned •Social forces are important for influence on individual behavior •Suicide (Durkheim, 1897) was a landmark in the integration of social theory andempirical research |
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Social Solidarity
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•Shared morals and connections between individuals
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Religion and Society
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Durkheim: Definition of religion
•Centers on sacred,i.e.those objects, places, and symbols that are set apart from daily life andelicit awe and reverence, sustained by myths and rituals •Suggests religion provides individuals with a commonset of beliefs and makes both individuals and societies stronger |
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Max Weber
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•Interpretative Sociology
–Asked “What motivates behavior?” (who) –Introduced interpretation of individual actions–Proposed typology of different kinds of social actions differentiatedby motivations that guide them |
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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber, 1904)
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•New theory about why capitalism appeared earlier and grew faster in some parts of the world than others
•Appearance of strict forms of Protestantism altered market behavior (e.g., “the spirit of modern capitalism”;“the Protestant ethic”)• |
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Status groups
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People with similar kinds of attributes or identities such as those based on religion, ethnicity,or race |
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Social closure
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Various ways that groups seek to close off access to opportunities by other groups |
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Georg Simmel
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Simmel’s key concepts
•Social distance–Attempt to map how close or distant the individuals in groups or groups themselves are from one another •Social networks–Groups of people who are tied together in ways they do not even notice |
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Network analysis
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Study of how individuals are connected to other individuals and the consequences ofthose connections
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W.E.B.Du Bois (1868-1963)
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•One of NAACP founders
•Theoretical contributions provide powerful insights relevant to all disadvantaged groups and group conflicteverywhere |
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Du Bois’ "key concepts"
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He said, Racial inequality was not rooted inbiological differences but manufactured by American society
•Every aspect of African Americans’life was shaped by limited opportunities |
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Symbolic Interactionism
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•Focuses on how peopleinteract with one another and the role that symbols play in those interactions
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Feminist Social Theory
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•Placed gender and gender inequality at the center of its theoretical lens
•Challenged many of the pre suppositions of classical social theory forits male-centered biases |
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Simonede Beauvoir
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•Genderand femininity are social constructions
•Societiescreate gender categories and these differences typically are translated into inequalities |
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Classes
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as groups of people who share the same position within the structure of theeconomy. Different people have different kinds of habit uses,depending especially on their upbringing and their education.
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Cultural capital
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•knowledge about what is considered “high” orrespected culture, expressed most clearly in certain people’scapacity to be able to talk intelligently about art or literature; those whohave cultural capital are those whom we judge to be “cultured.”
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Social capital
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resources based on who you know and can call upon for help when you need it
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Symbol capital
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•refers to the reputation. It consists of how a person or group is judged by aparticular community, often in reference to someone’s accomplishments
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Social Networks
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The ties between people, groups, and organizations
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Society
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A large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common culture
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Sociology:
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The study of societies and the social worlds that individuals inhabit within them
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Identity:
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The conceptions we and others have about who we are and what groups or categories we are members of
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Social Interaction
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Refers to the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behaviors in response to the presence of others
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Norm
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The basic rules of society that help us know what is and is not appropriate to do in any situation
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Social Structure
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The external forces (most notably social hierarchies, norms, and institutions) that provide the context for individuals and group action
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Social Hierarchy:
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And relationship between individuals or groups that is unequal and provides one person or group with more status and power than another
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Institution
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Long standing and important practices (like marriage, families, education, and economic markets) as well as the organizations that regulate those practices (such as the government, the legal system, the military, schools, and religious groups)
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Industrialization:
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The growth of factories and large-scale production of goods
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Urbanization:
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The growth of cities
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Interdisciplinary Research:
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A method of research that integrates ideas, theories, and data from different academic fields
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Social Theory
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are systematic ideas about the relationship between individuals and societies.
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Three common themes-
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1. economy based on farming to industry
2.people rural areas to urban areas 3. monarchs to democrats |
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symbolic interaction
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The social self is the only kind of self there can be: self is not a thing, but a process of interaction – based on George Herbert Mead
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Self:
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one’s own identity and social position, as made and reformulated through interaction
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Looking-glass self
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extent to which our own self-understandings depend on how others view us; we know ourselves through “looking glass” of others that mirror back to the impressions we create; interaction makes the world go round
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· Significant other
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individuals close enough to us to have a strong capacity to motivate our behavior
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Reference groups
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groups that influence our behavior; in figuring out how we are doing, we reference others whose social positions and preferences make them relevant to our own sense of worth
o We all have our own set of reference groups and tend to stick with them-spend time with people who do things that we like |
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· Role models:
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we model our behavior on certain individuals that have disproportionate influence as we imitate how they dress, move and carry out life
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Generalized other:
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social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate at a specific time and place
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· Ethnomethodology
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the study of people’s methods
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Civil inattention:
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ignoring each-other to an appropriate degree although noticing the other is present
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· Status:
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distinct social category that is set off from others and has associated with it a set of expected behaviors and roles for individuals to assume
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Role
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expectations people are expected to fulfill: ex. Students fill the role or role sets as students-respect teacher, come to class, raise your hand, take exams
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· Role conflict:
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fulfilling the expectations of one of our roles conflicts with meeting the expectations of another
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· Deviants:
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people regarded as a problem by dominant
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Self-fulfilling prophecy:
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something becomes true when people say it’s true
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Social Psychology:
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The branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and the effects on the individual. Studies how people act, think, and feel in the context of society.
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5 Strategies for Coping with the Uncomfortable
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1.)Transforming the patient/procedure into an analytical object or event
2) Accentuating the comfortable/positive feelings that come from practicing “real medicine” 3) Empathizing with patients or blaming them 4) Joking and laughing 5) avoiding sensitive contact |
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Secondary Emotions:
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learned, requires other people. I.e. Guilt, compassion, jealousy, empathy, pride, shame.
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Primary Emotions
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cross-cultural, can be felt on their own. I.e. Sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise.
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*emotions ate not spontaneous or uncontrollable as we think.
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TRUE |
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Display Rules:
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Tell us what we are supposed to show when we feel something. “culturally competent”
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Surface Acting
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The work that you do to comply with display rules
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Deep Acting
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Work we do to comply with feelings
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Feeling Rules
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Tells us what we are supposed to feel and when
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Deep Acting
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Work we do to comply with the feelings.
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Emotion Labor
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The work you do to display the correct emotions while at paid job. Lower status people have a heavier emotion labor burden.
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Emotion Work
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The work we do to display the correct emotions in our day to day interactions with others.
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