Sociology Chapter 4, 5, And 7

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Socialization

Back 1

The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self.--
An essential human experience. A life long process that takes place in the context of meaningful communication with others. A process that address some important problems

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Social Reproduction

Back 2

The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time.

Front 3

"Unsocialized" children

Back 3

"I" is the unsocialized self. It is about one's own desires and wants.

Front 4

Social Self

Back 4

According to the theory of G. H. Mead. The identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others. “Me” is the socialized self. The part of us that is able to see ourselves as others to. We have the perspective of the team.

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"Taking the role of the other"

Back 5

Coined by Mead. Infants and young children develop as social beings by imitating the actions of those around them. (Ex: play house- do actions mom and dad do) Children acquire a developed sense of self. Children achieve an understanding of themselves as separate agents by seeing themselves through the eyes of others.

Front 6

Self-consciousness

Back 6

Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others.

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Theories of Child Development

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Mead: Analyzes human interaction in terms of symbols and the interpretation of meanings.
Piaget breaks down cognitive development into four phases: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
Cooley is concerned with how we develop our self esteem.

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Sensorimotor Stage

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According to Piaget, a stage of human cognitive development in which the child's awareness of its environment is dominated by perception and touch.
Birth to 2. It's all about me. Peek a boo.

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Preoperational Stage

Back 9

According to Piaget, a stage of cognitive development in which the child has advanced sufficiently to master basic modes of logical thought.
2-7. Somewhat egocentric. Acquire notions of object permanence.

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Egocentric

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Piaget. Thinking involves understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of the child's own position.

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Concrete Operational Stage

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According to Piaget, stage of cognitive development in which the child's thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world.
Age 7-11. Child is not yet capable of dealing with abstract concepts or hypothetical situations.

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Formal Operational Stage

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According to Piaget, stage of cognitive development at which the growing child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situations.
Age 11-15. Final Phase.

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Agent of Socialization

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Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization takes place.
Ex. family, school, peers, the media.

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Primary Socialization

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The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Occurs largely in the family.

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Secondary Socialization

Back 15

?

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Peer Group

Back 16

A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status.

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Gendering/gender learning

Back 17

The process whereby we teach and learn gender appropriate behavior, attitudes

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Gender Socialization

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The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family.

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Gender Roles

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Social roles assigned to each sex and labeled as masculine or feminine.

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Social Roles

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Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status, or a social position.

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Identity

Back 21

Distinctive characteristics of a person's or group's character that relate to who they are and what is meaningful to them. Gender, sexual orientation, nationality/ethnicity, social class.

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Social Identity

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The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others.

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Anticipatory Socialization

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The process of learning about the role requirements of a particular status prior to acquiring that status.

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Re-socialization

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Powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in people’s values, roles, and self conception.
Often takes place within total institutions.

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Looking Glass Self

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Cooley. "Each to each a looking glass, reflects the other that doth pass."

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Family

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Teaches us the majority of our cultural lessons.
Most likely to treat individuals as unique and allow them to bend the application of cultural rules.
Key lessons learned: Gender and Class.

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School

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Treated more impersonally, required to fit in.
Socialization downplays diversity in the interest of efficiency.
Lessons taught are direct and indirect, or aspects of hidden curriculum.

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Peer Relations

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Social groups whose members are linked by common interests and are usually the same age
Most demanding in terms of conformity expectations
What to we learn from peers? Gender appropriate behavior

Front 29

Mass Media

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Unique because it allow adolescents and adults to engage in self-socialization.
Choosing socialization influences from a wide variety of offerings.

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Social Interaction

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The process by which we act and react to those around us.

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Microsociology

Back 31

The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction.

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Civil Inattention

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The process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each other's presence.

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Nonverbal Communication

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Communication between individuals based on facial expression or bodily gesture rather than on language.

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Impression Management

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Preparing for the presentation of one's social role.

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Roles

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The expected behaviors of people occupying particular social positions. In every society, individuals play a number of social roles.
A set of expected behavior, attitudes, beliefs associated with particular statuses.

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Statuses

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The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society.
A social position within the context of a social structure.

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Status Sets

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All the statuses a person holds at a given time.

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Social Structure

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The underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave and in their relationships with one another.
Patterned social behavior between specific social positions that have meaning only in relation to each other.

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Master Status

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Has special importance for social identity, the one status that serves as the basis for how people relate to you.
May be selected by individual or society.
May be positive or negative.

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Achieved Status

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Earned.

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Ascribed Status

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Born with it.

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Status Inconsistency

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A newly achieved conflicts with ascribed status.
Ex: a young doctor

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Role Strain

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A single status involves conflicting expectations.
Ex: a college professor

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Role Conflict

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Two or more statuses involve conflicting roles.

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Back Region

Back 45

where we unwind, relax, vent, are relatively unguarded, prepare for front region activities

Front 46

Front Region

Back 46

where we perform, act out social positions, behave as if “on stage”, use props, anticipate social resources that will enhance a convincing performance.

Front 47

Cultural Script

Back 47

share collective guides that offer instructions in specific situations (dating)

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Interpersonal Script

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actual use of a cultural script in a given situation.

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Intrapsychic Script

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represent our private desires for what will happen “on stage”

Front 50

FACS

Back 50

Facial Action Coding System.
Coined by Eckman
Scheme for quantifying facial movement in terms of 44 component actions.
Discovered cultural universals and key differences in facial gestures.

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FACS Discoveries by Eckman

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Cultural universals:
All people share 6 basic emotions:
Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, and sadness
All people display these 6 emotions using the same distinctive facial gestures

Front 52

Background Expectancies

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The taken-for-granted rules of conversations.
Complicated, shared knowledge of how we are to converse with others.
Draw our attention to both words and contexts of words spoken.
“stability and meaningfulness of our daily social lives depend on the sharing of unstated cultural assumptions about what is said and why” (p. 119)
Discovered by Garfinkel

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Interactional Vandalism

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Conversational analysis of real world exchanges.
The deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation.

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Response cries

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Muttered exclamations (Oops! Sorry)

Used by people to covey to others, that we are alert, “controlled alertness” with regard to our appearance and actions.

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Personal Space

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The physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others.

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Norms

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Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations.

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Deviance

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Concerns issues of power and social inequality.
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society.

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Sanctions

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A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.

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Anomie

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No clear standards for behavior.
First brought into sociology by Durkheim, referring to situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

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Strain Theory

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Conformist: +Goals +Means
Innovators: +Goals -Means
Ritualists: -Goals -Means
Retreatists: +-Goals +-Means
Rebels

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Lombroso

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1st systematic attempt to explain deviance.
1876, physician working in Italian prisons.
Most prisoners were of Sicilian descent.
Assumed people with Sicilian features were more prone to crime.

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Sheldon

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1940s.
Ectomorph (tall, thin, fragile)
Endomorty (short and fat)
Mesomorph (muscular and athletic)

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Labeling Theory

Back 63

An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

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Primary Deviation

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According to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant.
Initial acts of regression.

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Secondary Deviation

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Occurs when individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.
The state in which the individual has accepted a label (their understanding of a Status and its role) and sees him/herself as deviant

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Differential Association

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Interpretation of development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime.

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Retrospective Interpretation

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The process of reassessing the labeled individual as a whole person, searching for other behaviors or characteristics that seem compatible with the rule violation(s)

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Stigma

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Any physical or social characteristic that is labeled by society as undesirable.
A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity.

Front 69

Conflict Theory

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Deviance is political in nature.
The economic elite and socially powerful are best able to avoid accusations or convictions of deviance or crime.
Laws and social rules are political in nature. Not all are inherently fair, or good for the majority.
Ex: Drug laws

Front 70

Theory of Broken Windows

Back 70

Philip Zimbardo experiments.
Demonstrated how Minor acts of deviance/crime may lead to “spiral of crime and social decay.’
Led to different policing strategies-> aggressively focus on minor crimes in order to prevent more serious crimes.

Front 71

Social Diversions

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Trivial rule violations
Minor harmfulness

Front 72

Social Deviations

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Important rule violation, moderate harmfulness perceived, moderate to severe formal sanctions

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Conflict Crimes/Behaviors

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Very Important Rule Violations, rule important to the ruling elite, sanctions formal and severe

Front 74

Consensus Crimes/Behaviors

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Violations of taboos or most highly regarded mores, consensus in the community about the seriousness of the violation and how to respond