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49 Cards in this Set
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Asset-Based Welfare |
Asset-based welfare is an economic theory of poverty eradication based upon the redistribution of productive assets in an economy rather than income. public intervention is important to increase access to assets such as land housing and credit. Secondly infrastructural investments are required which ensure better access to services energy and market opportunities which increase policies which increase the returns on assets that public holds. Finally policies which create a healthy investment environment which can directly affect the livelihood of the poor should be frame. |
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Biculturalism |
Two distinct cultures in one nation |
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Chicago school of economics |
"The strongest supporters of Hayek's ideas were a group of economists at the University of Chicago. Known as the ""Chicago School of Economics. unofficial group of economists was generally associated with free market libertarianism. |
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conditional cash transfer |
(CCT) programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions. The government (or a charity) only transfers the money to persons who meet certain criteria. These criteria may include enrolling children into public schools getting regular check-ups at the doctor's office etc. CCTs are unique in seeking to help the current generation in poverty as well as breaking the cycle of poverty for the next through the development of human capital. |
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Conservative welfare state |
"Most of the benefits for unemployment or sickness are entitlements based on insurance contributions previously made. Also the contributions made and the benefits received vary according to the income of the individual. This is known as the Bismark model – as opposed to the Beveridge model in which all contributions and benefits were to be at a flat rate. |
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Constructionism |
An ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors. It is antithetical to objectivism. |
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Contributory Social Insurance |
Contributory social insurance imposes payroll taxes upon the covered working population in order to fund benefit payments to eligible contributors or insured persons |
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Cultural pluralism |
"A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious or cultural groups are present and tolerated within a society. |
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De-commodification |
"Decommodification is the process of viewing utilities as an entitlement rather than as a commodity that must be paid or traded for. In effect a decommodified product removes itself from the market and can be associated with welfarism. |
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De-stratification |
Class stratification is a form of social stratification in which a society tends to divide into separate classes whose members have different access to resources and power. An economic and cultural rift usually exists between different classes |
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Economic liberalization |
"Lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by corporates or ""The removal of controls"" in order to encourage economic development" |
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Egalitarian Tradition |
"Characterised by :Redistribution justified in the pursuit of equality to promote development of individual freedom. All people should have the opportunity to develop their full potential. See Tawney |
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financial inclusion |
"Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society in contrast to financial exclusion where those services are not available or affordable. An estimated 2.5 billion working-age adults globally have no access to the types of formal financial services delivered by regulated financial institutions. |
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Flexicurity |
"The term refers to the combination of labour market flexibility[2] in a dynamic economy and security for workers. The Government of Denmark views flexicurity as entailing a “golden triangle” with a “three-sided mix of (1) flexibility in the labour market combined with (2) social security and (3) an active labour market policy with rights and obligations for the unemployed” |
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Inclusive growth |
"Inclusive growth is a concept that advances equitable opportunities for economic participants during economic growth with benefits incurred by every section of society. Sustainable economic growth requires inclusive growth. Maintaining this is sometimes difficult because economic growth may give rise to negative externalities such as a rise in corruption. Nonetheless an emphasis on inclusiveness—especially on equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets resources and an unbiased regulatory environment—is an essential ingredient of successful growth. The inclusive growth approach takes a longer-term perspective as the focus is on productive employment as a means of increasing the incomes of poor and excluded groups and raising their standards of living. |
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Income Maintenance |
"This policy is usually applied through various programs designed to provide a population with income at times when they are unable to care for themselves. Income maintenance is based in a combination of five main types of program: Social insurance, means tested benefits, non-contributoray benefits, discretionary benefits universal or categorical benefits. |
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Income transfers |
Cash payments from the federal government to individual who meet certain eligibility criteria. Paid for in Australia through general revenue. |
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Income management |
A process by which a human services worker manages the income security benefit of another person by quarantining part of the payment for essential items such as food. |
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Jeremy Bentham |
Reformist whose philosophy of utilitarianism took for its ""fundamental axiom" it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong in terms of utility. |
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Karl Polanyi - The Great Transformation. |
Polanyi contends that the modern market economy and the modern nation-state should be understood not as discrete elements but as the single human invention he calls the ""Market Society"". A distinguishing characteristic of the ""Market Society"" is that humanity's economic mentalities were changed. Prior to the great transformation people based their economies on reciprocity and redistribution and were not rational utility maximizers. |
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Keynesian Economics |
"John Maynard Keynes British economist 1883-1946. His theory revolved around the idea that when spending in an economy increases earnings increase. A person's spendings becoming someone else's earnings. When there is a decline (e.g. Depression) the government can jumpstart an economy by bailing it out (increase amount of spending or augmenting the supply of $$). Economic stimulus then is a good thing to return market to full employment. |
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Libertarian Tradition |
"Characterised by individual self-interest and individual freedom (negative freedom) is paramount. A high value is put on the market and it is hostile to govt action. Libertarianism is a modern form of neo-classical liberalism. See Hobbes. |
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Life course approach |
Life course approach "a life course is defined as ""a sequence of socially defined events and roles that the individual enacts over time"" (Giele and Elder 1998 |
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Max Weber |
Philosopher and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory social research and the entire discipline of sociology. Weber is often cited with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx as among the three founders of sociology.Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions. |
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Means-tested benefits |
financial assistance provided for those who are unable to cover basic needs due to poverty or lack of income because of unemployment, sickness, disablity or caring. While assistance is often in the form of financial payments those eligible for social welfare can usually access health and educational services free of charge. The amount of support is enough to cover basic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of an applicant's social and financial situation. |
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Middle class welfare |
A situation in which the middle class benefits from state social expenditure either in the form of income transfers or tax expenditure. or tax concessions that groups in society receive such as capital gains tax exemption on the family home or concessions on voluntary contributions to superannuation. Generally considered regressive in that it tends to benefit higher-income groups rather than lower income groups as thos whith higher tax liablities have the most to gain. |
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Mutual obligation policies |
The name given to a set of policies introduced by the Howard government in 1996 that require people on income payments to fulful certain actvities if they wish to receive income transfers. |
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Neo-classical liberalism |
argued for government to be as small as possible in order to allow the exercise of individual freedom. In its most extreme form it advocated Social Darwinism. |
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Neoconservative |
"US term starting from the 60s which peaked in influence during the W. Bush years when they played a major role in promoting and planning the invasion of Iraq. - Main characteristics are they see the world in binary good/evil terms, have a low tolerance for diplomacy, readiness to use military force, disdain for multilateral orgs, focus on the middle east. See Irving Kristol. |
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Neoliberalism |
"Resurgence of political ideas beginning in 70s-80s whose advocates support less restrictive govt regulations, free trade and reductions in govt spending in order to promote the private sector in the economy. See Friedrick Hayek |
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New public management |
A management approach in the public sector that draws heavily from practices adopted in the business sector |
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Occupational Welfare |
Benefits that a person receives as a function of their employment. For example superannuation. |
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Positivism |
An epistemological position that applies scientific methods to the study of the social wor |
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poverty reduction |
Poverty reduction is a term that describes the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty lin |
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Power resource school |
"Power resource theory is a political theory which proposes the idea that the distribution of power between major classes is to some extent accountable for the successes and failure of various political ideologies. It argues that ""at its core it asserts that working class power achieved through organisation by labor unions or left parties produces more egalitarian distributional outcomes. |
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Productivism |
A belief that measurable economic productivity and growth is the most important indicator of human progress |
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Realism (emperical) |
Posits that there is a reality independent of the senses and implies the categories created by scientists refer to real objects in the social world |
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Regressivity |
Describes a taxation system that taxes the wealthy less heavily that it taxes the poo |
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Residual welfare model |
It refers to welfare that is offered as a safety net for people who are unable to manage through their own resources or by other means. It was recommended by Wilensky and Lebeaux as an alternative option to the institutional model of welfare. |
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Social Democratic welfare |
"High levels of benefits and services provided by the state. “all strata are incorporated under one universal insurance system yet benefits are graduated according to accustomed earnings. This model crowds out the market [meaning the private sector providing such things as pension plans] “The ideal is not to maximise dependence on the family but capacities for individual independence.” The state opts to “take direct responsibility of caring for children the aged and the helpless.” It is committed to “allow women to choose work rather than the household” |
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social determinants of health |
"structural characteristics such as class, race and gender that impact upon the health of population cohorts |
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Social Exclusion |
Social exclusion is the process of being shut out from the social, economic, political and cultural systems which contribute to the integration of a person into the community |
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Social inclusion |
A socially inclusive society is defined as one where all people feel valued, their differences are respected and their basic needs are met so they can live in dignity. |
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social insurance |
where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance program. These services typically include provision for retirement pensions, disability insurance survivor benefits and unemployment insurance. Considered a type of income maintenance. |
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social investment |
"Socially responsible investing (SRI) is any investment strategy (social, socially conscious, green investing) which seeks to consider both financial return and social good. |
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Social Liberal Tradition |
Holds individual freedom high but values promotion of equality and the utilitarian idea of greatest good for the greatest number |
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Social Mobility |
"Social mobility is the movement of individuals, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society |
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social protection |
Social protection is commonly understood as “all public and private initiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalised; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups” (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004: Types of social protection include: Labor market interventions , Social Insurance , Social Assistance. |
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Defined contribution |
A defined contribution plan is a type of retirement plan in which the employer, employee or both make contributions on a regular basis. Individual accounts are set up for participants and benefits are based on the amounts credited to these accounts plus any investment earnings on the money in the account. Only employer contributions to the account are guaranteed, not the future benefits. In defined contribution plans, future benefits fluctuate on the basis of investment earnings. The most common type of defined contribution plan is a savings and thrift plan. Under this type of plan, the employee contributes a predetermined portion of his or her earnings to an individual account, all or part of which is matched by the employer.
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