Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Thomas Hobbes
|
-human nature is extreme individualism
-lived during Civil War -we need security more than freedom -not possible to have freedom and security together -best to be ruled by one person (monarch or dictator) |
|
|
John Locke
|
-people are rational, intelligent, reasonable
-people can make their own decisions -governments only exist to protect life, liberty, and property -government action must be justified by popular consent -DEMOCRACY |
|
|
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
|
-people are good and have been corrupted by society/civilization
-people are naturally free/equal -citizens should make laws directly |
|
|
ideology
|
principles or ideas that explains your world/"place"
assumptions about humane nature/society |
|
|
Sources of identity
|
family
gender religion environment relationship to land language ideology media government |
|
|
liberalism
|
collection of ideologies committed to dignity and freedom of individual as the foundation of a society
belief in human progress decentralized power (politically and economically) sovereignty of the reasoning individual |
|
|
totalitarianism
|
government system that seeks complete control over the public and private lives of its citizens
|
|
|
hegemony
|
political control exerted by one group over others
|
|
|
pluralism
|
a form of society in which minority groups maintain their independent cultural traditions
|
|
|
nation
|
community of people usually occupying a defined territory, often politically independant
|
|
|
class
|
division of society, such as the middle class, usually defined by income, wealth, privilege, or their role in society
|
|
|
race
|
a grouping of humans distinguished according to biological traits (i.e. skin colour)
|
|
|
environment and relationship to land
|
natural surroundings in which a person lives, and his or her connection to those surroundings
|
|
|
progressivism
|
umbrella term for various ideologies that advocate moderate political and social reform through gov't action
(i.e. anti-trust laws to prevent corp's from establishing monopolies in marketplace) |
|
|
autonomy
|
a state of individual freedom from outside authority
|
|
|
self-reliance
|
the quality of being solely responsible for one's own well-being
|
|
|
Some different understandings of collectivism
|
-Aboriginal; thinking/acting collectively for the common good
-Medieval Period; people provided structure/security if loyal but had little indiv. worth |
|
|
Some different understandings of individualism
|
-Renaissance; man has a central role in the world, appreciation of indiv. worth
-Protestant Reformation; challenged authority of Catholic Church |
|
|
Rule of law
|
Every individual is subject to the law and no one is above it
|
|
|
economic freedom
|
freedom to buy what you want and to sell what you want to whomever you want
|
|
|
free market
|
operates with limited government intervention; in a free market economy, questions regarding production/marketing are decided through free interaction of producers/consumers
|
|
|
welfare state
|
the economy is capitalist, but government uses policies that modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for all.
|
|
|
competition
|
used as an incentive to work harder and more efficiently
|
|
|
self-interest
|
personal interest or advantage
|
|
|
Adam Smith
|
-saw individual self-interest as an "invisible hand" that guides people to contribute to the common good
|
|
|
explain supply and demand
|
too much supply -> price drops -> supply drops
too much demand -> price rises -> supply is met |
|
|
Kenneth Galbraith
|
argued that wealth was concentrated among high incomes and people with lower incomes were not earning more
|
|
|
economic equality
|
common to collectivist ideologies; governments may try to foster it through tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value
|
|
|
collective responsibility
|
to hold the whole group responsible for the actions of individuals within the group
|
|
|
censorship
|
restricting information the public could see; used as a way to impose a collective norm
|
|
|
kibbutzims
|
collectivist Israeli communities that are an example of societies embracing aspects of individualism
|
|
|
NGO's
|
non-governmental organizations
example of a structure with aspects of both individualism and collectivism |
|
|
capitalism
|
laissez-faire government
economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers; a minimum of government involvement is favoured |
|
|
classical liberalism
|
stresses importance of human rationality
values political freedoms free-market economies limited government intervention self-interest individuals are rational individualism |
|
|
Enlightenment
|
"Age of Reason"
-power of human reason -indiv. worth -natural & unalienable rights -democratic values -authority resting with people (not ruler) |
|
|
Humanists
|
-importance of arts and literature alongside faith
-reason rather than religion |
|
|
What happened to society in Europe during the 17th century (before the Enlightenment Period)?
|
-emergence of a middle class
-breakdown of feudal economic order |
