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56 Cards in this Set
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applied sociology |
the use of sociology to solve problems |
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basic sociology |
analyzing some aspect of society with no goal other than gaining knowledge |
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bourgeoisie |
Marxist term for capitalists; those who own the means to produce wealth |
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case study |
exploration in which a researcher focuses on a single event, situation, or individual |
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class conflict |
Marxist term for the struggle between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (capitalists) |
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closed-ended questions |
questions followed by a list of possible answers to respondents to choose from |
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common sense |
things that "everyone knows" are true |
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conflict theory |
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of groups competing for scarce resources |
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documents |
written sources, including books, newspapers, bank records, and immigration records |
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functional analysis |
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of different parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; a.k.a. functionalism/structural functionalism |
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hypothesis |
a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions that are based on a theory |
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macro-level analysis |
an examination of large-scale patterns of society |
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micro-level analysis |
an examination of small-scale patterns of society |
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nonverbal interaction |
communication without words through gestures, space, or silence |
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objectivity |
value neutrality |
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operational definitions |
precise ways to measure variables |
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open-ended questions |
questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words |
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participant observation or fieldwork |
occurs when researchers participate in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting |
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population |
a target group that is going to be studied |
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positivism |
the application of the scientific method to the social world |
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proletariat |
Marxist term for the exploited class; the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
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public sociology |
sociology being used for the public good, especially the sociological perspective (of how things are related to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers |
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random sample |
occurs when everyone in a target population has the same chance of being included in a study |
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reliability |
occurs when other researchers use your operational definitions and their findings are consistent with yours |
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research method/research design |
the means by which data are collected |
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respondents |
the people who answer research questions |
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sample |
a group of individuals from a target population |
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scientific method |
the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories |
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secondary analysis |
occurs when researchers analyze data that others have collected |
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social integration |
the degree to which people feel a part of social groups |
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social interaction |
what people do when they are in one another's presence |
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social location |
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society sociologists look at how jobs, income, etc. affect people's ideas |
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society |
a term used by sociologists to refer to a group of people who share a culture and a territory |
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sociological perspective |
understanding human behavior by placing it within broader social context |
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sociology |
the scientific study of society and human behavior |
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stratified random sample |
using strategy, such as random numbers, to select a sample from a group |
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survey |
asking individuals a series of questions |
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symbolic interactionism |
symbols, things to which we attach meaning, are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another |
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theory |
a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; and explanation of how two or more "facts" are related |
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unobtrusive measures |
observing the behavior of people who are not aware that they are being studied |
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validity |
occurs when operational definitions measure what they are intended to measure |
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value free |
the view that a sociologist's personal values should not influence social research |
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values |
ideas about what is good or worthwhile in life; attitudes about the world ought to be |
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variables |
factors that vary or change |
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Jane Addams |
founder of Hull-House (a settlement house in the immigrant community of Chicago) winner of Nobel Prize for Peace (1931) |
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August Comte |
"founder of sociology" |
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Charles Horton Cooley |
founder of symbolic interactionism provided major theoretical perspective in sociology |
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W.E.B. Du Bois |
first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard concerned about social injustice one of the founders of NAACP |
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Emile Durkheim |
helped organize sociology as a separate discipline interested in how individuals are shaped by outside forces stressed the use of social facts (patterns of behavior that reflect some underlying condition of society) |
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Harriet Martineau |
Englishwoman who analyzed US social customs helped translate Comte's ideas into English |
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Karl Marx |
believed that social development that grew out of class conflict (i.e. the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie) conflict perspective |
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George Herbert Mead |
one of the founders of symbolic interactionism |
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Robert Merton |
contributed the terms "manifest and latent functions" and "dysfunctions" to the functionalist perspective |
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C. Wright Mills |
suggested that external influences become part of an individual's behavior, thereby explaining social behavior saw the "power elite" as a threat to freedom |
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Herbert Spencer |
believed that societies evolve from barbarian to civilized forms first to use the expression "survival of the fittest" provided the basis for social Darwinism |
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Max Weber |
related the rise of Protestantism to the rise of capitalism called for objectivity in sociology |
