Slp Intervention & Reinforcement

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Purposes of Intervention (4)

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1. Change or eliminate the underlying problems. You're almost never going to eliminate disabilities!
2. Change the disorder by teaching specific language behavior. (follow directions, answer questions, verb tenses)
3. Teach compensatory strategies. We need to teach the impaired to work around their language impairments. (teach word learning/vocabulary strategies & practice in therapy)
4. Accommodations or modifications to leaning environment

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Accommodations

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Changes made to the child's curriculum that do not alter the expectations. Examples: allow rewording, send home vocab words 1 week before you teach them, put 2 test questions on a page instead of 10.

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Modifications

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Change that alters expectations. Examples: Only 5 vocab words instead of 10, grade written assignments for context only, only do 1 paragraph instead of 3, decrease the number of sources they have to use.
Making modifications will change a child's future. We can only modify if we've tried everything else!

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3 Basic Approaches to Intervention

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1. Developmental
2. Functional
3. Combined

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Developmental Approach

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Therapy based on established norms. It works for preschoolers, kindergardeners, the cognitively impaired, and children with hearing loss.

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Functional Approach

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Teaches students sills they need for the environment their in. Used for school ages students.
Pragmatics: they must know the social rules of language (how to talk to different people, be quiet)

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Combined Approach

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Useful for children who are not achieving at their expected grade level.
Look at where they're developing what they're learning in the classroom... and combine them. Ex. read a book on whales at their grade level.

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4 Academic Structures of Therapy

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1. Drill
2. Drill-Play
3. Play
4. Academic or school task

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Drill

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Provide contextualized activities designed to get the maximum number of responses from the student.
Example: Ask the child to leave the classroom and follow directions. "Point to...."

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Drill-Play

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Identify a target, and try to get the maximum number of productions. Pair the child's responses with a game or play-like activity.
Example: Simon Says & Potato Heads

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Academic or School Task

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Occurs in a naturalistic environment (school), uses similar activities to those requirements/ activities in the classroom.
Make it fun!
NO WORKSHEETS!

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Positive Reinforcement

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Events that increase the frequency of a response when made contingent upon that response.

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Primary Positive Reinforcement

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Biological in nature, don't rely on learning.
Examples: food & drinks

-Can be successful with certain subgroups of children
-Prone to cessation
-Good place to start with a child who won't talk.
-Need parents permission.
-Try to transition away ASAP

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Secondary Positive Reinforcement

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Has a social or cultural benefit.
Example: Silly Bandz

-Can be more tangible
-Social reinforcement: gesture, pay on the back, "give your brain a kiss"
-Token reinforcer: Kid gets something as a reward (pick from prize box, stickers, 5 extra minutes of play..)
Informational feedback: Positive comment that has feedback about why the behavior was good. "I really liked how you included all the steps of brownie making?"

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Continuous Primary Reinforcement

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Used in the early stages of therapy. This method rewards every single one of the student's responses.

*In general, use the continuous schedule when starting therapy or teaching a new skill, then move to intermittent.

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Intermittent

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Fixed vs Variable

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Fixed

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Before therapy, the clinician decides when the kid does something right, they'll get a sticker.

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Variable

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Occasionally or whenever. There is no set schedule of reinforcement.

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Dynamic Assessment

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Ability to learn when provided with instruction.

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Assessment of Narrative Skills

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Ability to retell or generate a story of expository information.

-Oral narrative skills are the foundation of reading & writing.

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Play

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Happens with preschoolers, never with school aged children. Pick a game/activity that is based on the skill you're trying to teach.
Example: Memory matching game, goal: visual matching

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FAPE

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Free & Appropriate Public Education. Children who are suspected of having a disability have access to intervention.