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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define Homeostasis |
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment of the body or part of the body under varying external conditions |
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What is the Stimulus response model? |
stimulus -> change -> receptor -> control centre -> effector -> response |
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What is a receptor? |
Receptors identify changes inside and outside your body. |
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What is the control centre? |
Once a stimulus has been detected by a receptor, a message in the form of a nerve impulse travels to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). |
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What is the effector in the stimulus response model |
Effectors such as muscles or glands receive the message from the central nervous system to respond in a particular way |
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define positive feedback and give an example |
positive feedback response adds to the stimulus (increase in oxytocin during child birth) |
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define negative feedback and give an example |
Negative feedback occur when the response is in an opposite direction to the stimulus. (body temp goes above normal, hypothalamus detects and sends signals to sweat glands) |
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Define Endocrine Glands |
ductless glands that secretes hormones directly into blood |
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Define Hormones |
chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body. |
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Name two hormones and the gland that produces them + function |
1.thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland, increases metabolic rate 2.Adrenaline produced in the adrenal medulla, works to supply more blood to muscles for flight or fight |
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How does the body regulate blood sugar levels? |
if an increase in blood sugar levels is detected by receptors, the pancreas responds by producing insulin, this triggers an uptake of glucose by the liver and muscle cells and the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage |
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what are the 4 types of receptors? |
mechano, photo, chemo, thermo |
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what is the difference between the nervous system and the peripheral nervous system? |
the nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system are the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
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what is the nervous system? |
the system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. |
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what is the endocrine system? |
the body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs |
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label this diagram |
plus insular lobe midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata |
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structure of a neuron |
workinprogress will do once i figure out what diagram we need to learn |
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define Synapse |
the gap between neurons |
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define neurotransmitters |
chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse |
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define Reflex Arc |
a nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ. |
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label this diagram of a reflex arc |
Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron in spinal cord, motor neuron, effector, response |
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what is the function of the frontal lobe? |
thinking processes - i.e (conscious thoughts, problem solving and decision making) |
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what is the function of the occipital lobe? |
the occipital lobe is charged with interpreting signals from the eyes to turn them into images. |
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what is the function of the temporal lobe? |
hearing, memory and speech |
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what is the function of the insular lobe? |
scientists do not yet know what the insular lobe does. |
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what is the function of the parietal lobe? |
the senses, taste, touch and temperature |
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what is the function of the corpus callosum? |
the corpus callosum is the bridge between the two hemispheres, made up of 100 million nerve fibres |
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what is the function of the cerebellum? |
responsible for balance, coordinates movement and has a role in memory, learning and language. |
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what is the cerebrum? |
the cerebrum makes up about 90% of the brain and contains the lobes |
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what is the function of the midbrain? |
information highway of the brain connects the two regions, in between the front and back brains |
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what is the function of the pons? |
involved in regulating sleep, arousal and breathing, and coordinating some muscle movements |
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what is the function of the medulla oblongata? |
The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. |
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which hemisphere of the brain could be considered the creative side? |
right hemisphere |
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define disease |
any change that impairs the function of an individual in some way and causes harm to the individual |
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two types of disease? |
infectious and non-infectious |
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what are the 5 ways infectious diseases can spread? + example of a disease |
direct contact (influenza), vectors(malaria), contaminated objects(fungal infection on floor), contaminated water(cholera), air droplets(influenza) |
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what are the 6 types of pathogens? |
bacteria, viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, macroparasites(arthropods and worms) |
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define parasite |
organism that lives in or on another organism. The parasite benefits while usually harming the host organism. |
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name a disease that each of the pathogens can spread |
bacteria(cholera), virus(influenza), prions(mad cow disease), protozoans(malaria), fungi(athletes foot), macroparasites(pinworm) |
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what is a prion? |
non-cellular pathogen prion = protein + infection the disease converts your normal protein into prion protein responsible for degenerating neurlogical diseases. |
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what is disease causing bacteria? |
cellular pathogens consisting of one cell classified by shape spherical, rod shaped, spiral shaped |
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what is a virus? |
non cellular pathogen consist of DNA or RNA enclosed with protein coats not considered living |
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what is a parasitic protozoan? |
single celled organisms, common in tropical diseases, |
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what is a fungi? |
parasite, feeds on host, |
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what is a macro parasite?(worm/arthropod)
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larger than fungi, have hooks and suckers, live of host(normally human) |
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name how many lines of defence there are and whether they are non specific or specific |
3, the first two are non specific the last is specific. |
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what does the first line of defence consist of and what is its purpose? |
the first line of defence is designed to prevent the entry of invading pathogens barriers(skin, coughing, cillia and also chemicals in tears, stomach acid and acidic vaginal mucus. |
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what does the second line of defence consist of and what is it's purpose? |
if pathogens get through the first line of defence then the second comes into play - consists of inflammation and phagocytes which engulf and destroy foreign particles |
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what does the third line of defence consist of and what is it's purpose? |
the purpose of the third line is to specifically target pathogens and destroy them the lymphatic system is involved in this - b lymphocytes will divide into plasma cells and then produce antibodies specific infection -T cell lymphocytes attack on a cellular level, they destroy foreign cells and the infected bodies cells both of these have memory cells meaning they can will remember disease and defeat it easier next time it occurs |
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what is the difference between vaccination and immunity? |
vaccination is the giving of pathogens to a healthy person in the hope of them devleoping immunity to it |
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what is the difference between active and passive immunity? |
active immunity is the process where the body makes antibodies to a specific antigen passive immunity is where you receive antibodies from an outside source |
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define the big bang theory |
the theory that the universe was created by a singularity formed by concentrated energy exploded over years creating matter and galaxies and stars. |
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what is a galaxy
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a galaxy is a group of stars |
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what is a nebulae? |
clusters of galaxies and clouds of dust and dust |
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how is a protostar formed?
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when the density of gas and dust floating through space reaches 100 atoms per cubic centimetre, at this point gravity takes hold and the mass collapses on itself forming a nebulae. as the mass collapses further it forms globules, the increasing pressure forms a protostar. |
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list these |
nebulae, small star, red giant, planetary nebulae, white dwarf, black dwarf nebulae large star, red supergiant, supernova, neutron star/ black hole |
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what effects what path a star will go down? |
the amount of dust and gas in the nebulae when the protostar forms effects the initial size |
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what is red shift? |
red shift is when a star moves away from the Earth it is a shift to lower or redder frequencies |
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what is blue shift? |
blue shift is when a star moves towards the Earth, it is a shift to higher or blue frequencies |
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according to comsologists when was the universe created |
15 billion years ago |
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what is the steady state theory |
the steady state theory is a theory about the creation of the universe that states that the universe was always there, the galaxies are continuously moving away from each other and where there is empty space new stars are made to keep the universe the same |
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name three 3 theories about how the universe may end |
1.big crunch, where the universe snaps back on itself creating a singularity 2. big chill when all stars use up their fuel and the universe cools down considerably, these pieces would scatter 3.big rip the universe tears itself apart as a result of the increasing expansion rate |
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what is the biosphere? |
the biosphere is the life support system of the planet it consists of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biota(living things) |
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what is the atmosphere? |
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into thetroposphere (lower atmosphere) and the stratosphere |
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what is the hydrosphere? |
The waters of our planet make up the hydrosphere. |
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what is the lithosphere? |
Earth’s rocky crust and soil make up the lithosphere.It is within this sphere that igneous, sedimentary andmetamorphic rocks are formed, broken down andchanged from one type to another |
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What is the carbon cycle? |
the carbon cycle is a cycle showing the processes by which carbon moves through the biosphere |
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what is the nitrogen cycle? |
The nitrogen cycle models how nitrogen movesthrough the biosphere |
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what is the phosphorus cycle? |
The phosphorus cycle models how phosphorusmoves from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere andthen through food chains and back. |
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what is the natural greenhouse effect? |
heat from the earth is radiated outward and absorbed by "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. This process prevents heat from disappearing into space and keeps Earth warm enough to sustain life.
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Why is the greenhouse effect a problem for the world? |
when people burn fossil fuels especially we release Co2 into the atmosphere this, adds to the greenhouse effect causing the planet to heat up more than normal. |
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what is climate change? |
an increase in the average temperature of the Earth' atmosphere, especially a sustained increase sufficient to cause climate change |
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what is ozone? |
a poisonous gas that is formed naturally in the ozone layer normal oxygen but also from exposure to UV light or electrical discharge |
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what is the nucleus of an atom? |
it is the center, made up of protons and neutrons |
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what is a proton? |
positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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what is a neutron? |
neutrally charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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what is an electron? |
negatively charged particle, very small, orbits the nucleus |
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what are the three types of nuclear radiation? |
alpha particles, beta particles and gamma particles |
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what are the three types of acid reaction's and what do they produce? |
acid + base = salt and water acid + metal = salt +H2 acid + carbonate = salt + Co2 + water |
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if a substance has a pH of 3 is it acidic or basic? |
it is acidic |
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write the name for CO |
carbon monoxide |
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what is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? |
an ionic bond is the bond between a metal and a non metal, a covalent is between two non metals. for covalent bonds you use prefixes. |
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name the prefixes for chemicals up to 8 |
mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta and octa |
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state the name for N2O3 and whether it is covalent or ionic |
dinitrogen trioxide covalent |
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state the formula for calcium hydroxide |
Ca(OH)2 |
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what does an elements atomic number represent? |
number of protons |
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what is equivalent to # of protons + # of neutrons? |
mass number |
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what is an ion? |
a charged particle |
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the charge of an ion is equal to |
# of electrons gained of lost |
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what do radioactive particles emit? |
particles and energy |
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what does the pH scale range from? |
1-14 |
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on the pH scale what does water show?
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water is neutral with a pH of 7 |
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what are the two types of circuits? |
series, parallel |
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in a series circuit that has a battery, 6 globes and a switch, what would happen if one of the globes was to blow out while the switch was closed? |
all of the globes would stop working because there is no path for the current
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state the function of the pineal gland
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produces melatonin which induces sleep and also's wakes someone up |
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what type of pathogen of would be effected by antibiotic drugs? |
bacteria |
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what is an attenuated pathogen? |
an attenuated pathogen is a weaker version of a pathogen, attenuated pathogens are used in vaccines |
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what is an endothermic chemical reaction |
a reaction where heat from the surrounding area is absorbed e.g ammonium nitrate in quick ice pack's
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what is an exothermic chemical reaction |
a reaction where heat is released. e.g combustion (burning) |
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what is the law of conversation of mass? |
the law of conservation of mass is a law that states that energy can neither be created or destroyed. |
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when a metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, the products are: |
salt + H2 |
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which of the following does not contribute to acid rain? CO2 Nitrogen Oxide's Active Volcano's Ozone |
Active Volcano's |
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Which is heavier: Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma Hydrogen |
Alpha |
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Name the following covalent compounds: No2 CO CCl4 SO3 |
Nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide carbon tetrachloride sulphur trioxide |
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balance the following equation Al + HCl -> H2 + AlCl3 |
2Al + 6HCl -> 3H2 + 2AlCl3 |
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what evidence supports the big bang theory? |
cosmic background microwave radiation |
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Acid Example + Features |
HCl Acid, corrosive acidic taste sour |
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Base Example + Features |
Sodium Hydroxide, bitter taste, soapy or slippery feeling |
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what is this? |
anmeter |
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what is this? |
voltmeter
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what is this? |
globe |
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what is this |
battery |
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how do you calculate resistance in a series circuit? |
R1 + R2 + R3 +....... = Rtotal |
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how do you calculate resistance in a parallel circuit? |
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = Rtotal |
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what are the two types of waves? |
transverse and longitudinal (compression) |
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what is a compression and what is a rarefaction? |
a compression is the region of air where the particles are closer together, a rarefaction is when the particles are further apart. both are caused by soundwaves |
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what is the frequency of a wave and what is it measured in? |
number of vibrations in one second, or the number of wavelengths passing in one second. Hertz, (Hz) |
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what is the amplitude of a wave? |
the amplitude is the distance from the middle of the wave to either of the crests (up or down) |
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what sort of wave is sound moved by? |
compression wave |
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what is the ossicles? |
the ossicles are 3 small bones located in the middle ear, they pass vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear |
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what is the eardrum? |
a flap of membrane which vibrated according to vibrations from the world |
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what is the cochlea? |
the snail-shaped part of the inner ear. It is lined with tiny hairs that are vibrated by sound and stimulate the hearing receptors. |
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what is a luminous object? |
objects that emit light |
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what is a transparent object? |
object that lets enough light through for objects on the other side to be clear |
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what is a translucent object? |
allows light through imperfectly so you can see stuff on the other side |
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opaque? |
cant see through |
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what is the cornea? |
the cornea is the curved surface on the outside of the eye (coloured part of the eye) |
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what is the retina? |
the screen in the back of the eye that is sensitive to light and sends signals to the brain |
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what is the pupil? |
a ring of muscles that light enters through |
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what is a converging lens? |
a lens which converges light towards one spot |
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what is a diverging lens? |
a lens which diverts light |
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on the periodic table how are the elements ordered? |
by atomic number |
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what are some of the groups on the periodic table and where are they located? (do 3) |
Noble gases (far right), halogens (far right left one), alkali metals (far left row excluding hydrogen) |
