Sacred Spaces Final Exam Terms

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Shrine

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a place regarded as holy because of its associations with a divinity or a sacred person or relic, typically marked by a building or other construction.

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Caliph/Caliphate

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the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk.

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Mosque

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A Muslim place of worship

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Mohammad

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Prophet; received divine revelations through God and Archangel Gabriel. Followers were often prosecuted.

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Spolia

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the repurposing of building stone for new construction, or the reuse of decorative sculpture on new monuments, is an ancient and widespread practice whereby stone that has been quarried cut and used in a built structure, is carried away to be used elsewhere.

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Minarets

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a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

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Calligraphy

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decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering.

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Aniconic

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symbolic or suggestive rather than literally representational : not made or designed as a likeness

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Illuminated Manuscript

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Text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations.

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Missionary

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a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country

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Psalter

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the Book of Psalms

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Bible

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the Christian scriptures, consisting of the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments

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The Gospel

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the teaching or revelation of Christ

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Four Evangelists

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Matthew:

Mark:

Luke:

John:

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Cross

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an upright post with a transverse bar, as used in antiquity for crucifixion.

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Crucifix

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a representation of a cross with a figure of Jesus Christ on it.

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Monk

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a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

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Abbot

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a man who is the head of an abbey of monks.

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Monastery

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a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.

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Westwork

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is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church. The exterior consists of multiple stories between two towers. The interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel, and a series of galleries overlooking the nave

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Carolingian

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comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about 780 to 900 — during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs — popularly known as theCarolingian Renaissance.

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Ottonian

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is a style in pre-romanesque German art, covering also some works from the Low Countries, northern Italy and eastern France.

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Pilgrimage Church

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a church that is found along a pilgrimage route or one thatpilgrimages are made to regularly. These churches became popular in medieval Europe as one feature of the advancing Catholic culture.

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Ambulatory

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a place for walking, especially an aisle around the apse or a cloister in a church or monastery.

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Radiating Chapel

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An apse chapel, in church architecture, is a chapel radiating tangentially from one of the bays or divisions of the apse. It is reached generally by a semicircular passageway, or ambulatory, exteriorly to the walls or piers of the apse.

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Buttresses

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a projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall.

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Pier, Compound Pier

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architectural term given to a clustered column or pier which consists of a centre mass or newel, to which engaged or semi-detached shafts have been attached, in order to perform (or to suggest the performance of) certain definite structural objects, such as to carry arches of .

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Tympanum

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a vertical recessed triangular space forming the center of a pediment, typically decorated

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Lintel

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a horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window.

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Rib Vault

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The intersection of two to three barrel vaults produces a rib vaultor ribbed vault when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns; compare groin vault, an older form of vault construction.

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Rose Window

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a circular window with mullions or tracery radiating in a form suggestive of a rose.

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Stained Glass

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colored glass used to form decorative or pictorial designs, notably for church windows, both by painting and especially by setting contrasting pieces in a lead framework like a mosaic.

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Flying Buttress

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a buttress slanting from a separate pier, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports

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Book of Hours

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(in the Christian Church) a book containing the prayers or offices to be said at the canonical hours of the day, particularly popular in the Middle Ages.

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Doctrine of Transubstantiation

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the process by which the bread and wine of the Eucharist is transformed into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. Catholics believe that throughtransubstantiation, the risen Jesus becomes truly present in the Eucharist.

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Mendicant Order

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friars were bound by a vow of absolute poverty and dedication to an ascetic way of life. They. lived as Christ did. , renouncing property and traveling the world to preach.

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Dominicans

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a member of the Roman Catholic order of preaching friars founded by St. Dominic, or of a religious order for women founded on similar principles.

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Franciscans

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a friar, sister, or lay member of a Christian religious order founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi, or of an order based on Franciscan rule. The Franciscan orders are noted for preachers and missionaries.

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Dante

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wrote 'The Divine Comedy' with its graphic description of medieval Hell known as 'Dante's Inferno.

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The Divine Comedy

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is a poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. 1308 and completed 1320, a year before his death in 1321. It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literature and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature.

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Naturalism

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a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

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Usury

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the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest.

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The Golden Legend

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is a collection of hagiographies by Jacobus de Voragine that was widely read in late medieval Europe

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Hagiography

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the writing of the lives of saints.

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Trinity

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the Christian Godhead as one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

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Patron, Patronage

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a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.

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Linear Perspective

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a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.

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Refectory

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a room used for communal meals, especially in an educational or religious institution.

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Sibyl

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a woman in ancient times supposed to utter the oracles and prophecies of a god.

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Prophet

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a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God.

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Humanism

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The revival of classical antiquity

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Renaissance

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The cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome. ... Renaissance means “rebirth” or “reawakening.”

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Protestant

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a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.

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The Protestant Reformation

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major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church.

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Decorum

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behavior in keeping with good taste and propriety

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Ornament

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a thing used to make something look more attractive but usually having no practical purpose, especially a small object such as a figurine.

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The Counter-Reformation

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the movement within the Roman CatholicChurch that followed the ProtestantReformation of the 16th century.

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The Council of Trent

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held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

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Mystic

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a person who seeks by contemplation and self-surrender to obtain unity with or absorption into the Deity or the absolute, or who believes in the spiritual apprehension of truths that are beyond the intellect.

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Vision

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an experience of seeing someone or something in a dream or trance, or as a supernatural apparition

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Apotheosis

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the elevation of someone to divine status; deification.

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Chiaroscuro

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Italian artistic term used to describe the dramatic effect of contrasting areas of light and dark in an artwork, particularly paintings. It comes from the combination of the Italian words for "light" and "dark."

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Tenebrism

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dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using very pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image.

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Sensuous

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relating to or affecting the senses rather than the intellect.

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Jesuits

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a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.