Ruminants

Front 1

Which of the following clinical signs below may be seen in cattle with shipping fever? Coughing, tachypnea, nasal discharge, or all of the above?

Back 1

All of the above.

Front 2

Which of the following are predisposing factors for development of bovine respiratory disease complex in adult cattle? Prolonged shipping time, surgical procedures prior to shipping, feeding high energy diet, or all of the above.

Back 2

All of the above.

Front 3

Which of the following are considered host factors for development of respiratory disease complex in calves? Overcrowding, inadequate passive transfer of immunity, stress, or all of the above.

Back 3

All of the above.

Front 4

Early detection of sick cows is important in successful management of shipping fever in the feedlot cattle. What are 3 early signs of disease you should be looking for when scanning the cattle pens?

Back 4

1) Isolation

2) Dry Nose

3) Behavior Change

Front 5

Based on cost benefit analysis, treatment of cases of bovine respiratory disease complex is recommended when and with what drug?

Back 5

When the rectal temperature is >104.5F and the drug is Zactran.

Front 6

True or False: Preconditioning improves mortality rate from respiratory diseases in calves by 50%.

Back 6

True.

Front 7

True or False: Nasal bots are more common in goats versus sheep.

Back 7

False, nasal bots are more common in sheep versus goats.

Front 8

True or False: Cattle and goats are commonly given antibiotics for treatment of pneumonia. The best site for intramuscular administration of medication in goats and cattle is the rear limb muscles due to their large size.

Back 8

False, the best injection site is the neck. The rear limb muscles contain prime cuts of meat.

Front 9

In regards to adult cattle, pneumonia or shipping fever most commonly occur when?

Back 9

Within 3 weeks of arrival to the farm.

Front 10

True or False: Metaphylactic antibiotic therapy is not recommended as a means of lowering the incidence of pneumonia in cattle arriving at the feedlot.

Back 10

False.

Front 11

What is the causative agent of "Lumpy Jaw" in cattle?

Back 11

Actinomyces.

Front 12

What is the normal color of rumen fluid?

Back 12

Olive Green.

Front 13

What is the normal pH of rumen fluid?

Back 13

6.5.

Front 14

What is the correct flow of feed material through the cow?

Back 14

1) Rumen

2) Reticulum

3) Omasum

4) Abomasum

Front 15

True or False: Grain overload can be diagnosed with a pH of <5.0 on rumen fluid.

Back 15

True.

Front 16

What is the name of the disease or condition when the rumen becomes overly distended with gas?

Back 16

Bloat.

Front 17

What is the most important parasite in small ruminants?

Back 17

Haemaonchus contortus.

Front 18

What are 4 causative agents of calf scours?

Back 18

1) Rotavirus

2) Coccidia

3) Salmonella

4) BVD

Front 19

True or False: Left displaced abomasum is more common than right displaced abomasum.

Back 19

True.

Front 20

Which part of the cow's stomach has a honeycomb like appearance?

Back 20

Reticulum.

Front 21

In cattle suspected of hardware disease, presence of cranial abdominal pain, can be best assessed by what 2 methods?

Back 21

Pinch Test and Grunt Test.

Front 22

What is the causative agent of ORF or Ecthyma?

Back 22

Virus.

Front 23

Which of the following is not a reportable disease? Johne's Disease, BVD (Bovine Viral Diarrhea), Anthrax, or Cryptosporidium.

Back 23

Cryptosporidium.

Front 24

Which of the following clinical signs are commonly observed in cattle with acute abdominal pain? Kicking of the abdomen, decreased appetite, biting at the sides of their flanks, or pawing.

Back 24

Decreased Appetite.

Front 25

Where could you expect to see abdominal distention in "Splashy Rumen"?

Back 25

Right and left lower abdominal quadrant.

Front 26

What type of toxin is acorn toxicity?

Back 26

Tannin.

Front 27

True or False: The most common cause of pharyngeal abscessation is a foreign body in cattle.

Back 27

False, it is trauma from a balling gun or other instrument.

Front 28

A displaced abomasum can be detected on physical exam by what method?

Back 28

Presence of a gas ping.

Front 29

True or False: Kids (young goats) commonly show overt neurological signs with Clostridium perfringens Type D disease.

Back 29

False, lambs show overt neurological signs.

Front 30

What is the preventive measure and/or treatment for hardware disease?

Back 30

Oral administration of a magnet.

Front 31

True or False: Right displaced abomasum is not an emergency.

Back 31

False.

Front 32

What are 3 clinical signs of nasal bots?

Back 32

1) Nasal Discharge

2) Sneezing

3) Rubbing Nose

Front 33

How are nasal bots treated?

Back 33

Deworming with Ivermectin.

Front 34

What is the most common cause of dairy calf mortality?

Back 34

Ruminant Respiratory Disease.

Front 35

True or False: Tuberculosis is a reportable disease.

Back 35

True.

Front 36

How is Tuberculosis transmitted?

Back 36

Droplets from lungs and contaminated milk.

Front 37

What are the 5 clinical signs of Tuberculosis?

Back 37

1) Emaciation

2) Weakness

3) Anorexia

4) Low Grade Fevers

5) Lethargy

Front 38

How is Tuberculosis diagnosed?

Back 38

Through TB testing.

Front 39

How is Tuberculosis treated?

Back 39

The animal is slaughtered.

Front 40

What is the causative agent of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

Back 40

Paramyxoviridae-RNA virus.

Front 41

True or False: Young cattle are more commonly affected by Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Back 41

True.

Front 42

What are 5 clinical signs of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

Back 42

1) Fever (104-108F)

2) Anorexia

3) Depression

4) Increased RR

5) Nasal and Ocular Discharge

Front 43

How is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus diagnosed?

Back 43

Virus isolation, paired serum samples (taken 2-3 weeks apart).

Front 44

How is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus prevented?

Back 44

By a vaccine.

Front 45

How is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus treated?

Back 45

By treating the secondary bacterial infections. NSAIDs and Fluids.

Front 46

What is the normal color of Rumen fluid?

Back 46

Olive Green to Brownish Green.

Front 47

What is the normal consistency of Rumen fluid?

Back 47

Slight Viscosity.

Front 48

What is the normal odor of Rumen fluid?

Back 48

Aromatic and Strong.

Front 49

What does it mean if the Rumen fluid has an acidic aroma?

Back 49

Grain Overload.

Front 50

What does it mean if the Rumen fluid has a putrid odor?

Back 50

Stasis or Decomposition.

Front 51

What is the normal pH of Rumen fluid?

Back 51

6.5-6.8.

Front 52

What does a pH of <5.5 indicate?

Back 52

Grain Overload.

Front 53

What is a normal microscopic exam finding for Rumen fluid?

Back 53

Predominantly gram negative bacteria.

Front 54

What is a normal Rumen chloride value?

Back 54

<25 mEq/L.

Front 55

What are 6 clinical signs of abdominal pain?

Back 55

1) Anorexia

2) Decreased Appetite/Decreased Milk Production

3) Laying Down

4) Failure to Chew Cud

5) Treading of Hind Limbs

6) Rolling/Thrashing

Front 56

Which of the 6 clinical signs of abdominal pain is the most rare?

Back 56

Rolling/Thrashing.

Front 57

How many types of bloat are there in Ruminants?

Back 57

2.

Front 58

What is another name for bloat?

Back 58

Rumen Tympany.

Front 59

What are the 2 types of bloat?

Back 59

1) Free Gas Bloat

2) Frothy Bloat

Front 60

What are the 7 clinical signs of bloat?

Back 60

1) Distention of Left Abdomen

2) Discomfort

3) Dyspnea with Open Mouth Breathing

4) Anorexia

5) Salivation

6) Depression

7) Anxiety

Front 61

True or False: Bloat is more common in small ruminants than in cattle.

Back 61

False, bloat is more common in cattle than small ruminants.

Front 62

What causes Free Gas Bloat?

Back 62

Mechanical Obstruction or Indigestion.

Front 63

What are 4 ways Free Gas Bloat is diagnosed?

Back 63

1) Abdominal contour (gas = distention of the upper left quadrant)

2) Abdominal auscultation (ping) left side

3) Ballotment

4) Rectal Exam

Front 64

What are 4 ways Free Gas Bloat is treated?

Back 64

1) Pass an Orogastric Tube

2) Forced Exercise (stimulates motility and belching)

3) Trocharize

4) Surgery

Front 65

What causes Frothy Bloat?

Back 65

A large volume of legumes or certain grains create froth which blocks eructation.

Front 66

How is Frothy Bloat diagnosed?

Back 66

1) Lower Left Quadrant Distension (Splashy Rumen)

2) If severe, Lower Right Abdominal Distension

Front 67

How is Frothy Bloat treated?

Back 67

By decreasing surface tension of froth with surfactants like Poloxalene, DSS, then treat as Free Gas Bloat and pass an Orogastric tube.

Front 68

What 2 ways are chronic bloaters treated?

Back 68

1) Rumenostomy

2) Rumen Fistula

Front 69

What is another name for Hardware Disease?

Back 69

Reticuloperitonitis (TRP).

Front 70

True or False: Hardware Disease is most commonly seen in confined cattle who are on mechanically processed rations.

Back 70

True.

Front 71

True or False: Dairy cattle are more affected than beef cattle.

Back 71

True.

Front 72

What are 5 clinical signs of Hardware Disease?

Back 72

1) Anorexia

2) Sharp Decrease in Milk Production

3) Reluctance to Rise or Move

4) Kyphosis (rounding of the back)

5) Rapid and Shallow Breathing

Front 73

True or False: Hardware Disease is more severe if the heart rate is >90 BPM or there is a high fever.

Back 73

True.

Front 74

True or False: With Hardware Disease, a heart rate of <60 BPM indicates vagal indigestion.

Back 74

True.

Front 75

What 4 ways is Hardware Disease diagnosed?

Back 75

1) X-Rays

2) Ultrasound of Cranial Abdomen

3) Grunt Test

4) Pinch Test

Front 76

True or False: 80% of Displaced abomasums occur within 1 month of parturition.

Back 76

True.

Front 77

True or False: Left Displaced Abomasum is more common than Right Displaced Abomasum.

Back 77

True.

Front 78

True or False: Right Displaced Abomasum is considered a medical emergency.

Back 78

True.

Front 79

What are 4 clinical signs of a displaced abomasum?

Back 79

1) Off Feed

2) Decreased Milk Production

3) Decreased Fecal Output

4) Abdominal Distension

Front 80

How is a displaced abomasum treated?

Back 80

With Surgery.

Front 81

What is the causative agent of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?

Back 81

Flaviviridae.

Front 82

True or False: Bovine Viral Diarrhea is reportable.

Back 82

True.

Front 83

True or False: Bovine Viral Diarrhea only affects calves.

Back 83

False, it affects all ages of cattle.

Front 84

What are 5 clinical signs of Bovine Viral Diarrhea?

Back 84

1) Sudden Onset of Fever

2) Depression

3) Anorexia

4) Oral and GI Ulcers and Erosions

5) Diarrhea (sometimes with blood and mucus)

Front 85

True or False: Calves can be infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea in-utero.

Back 85

True.

Front 86

What is it called when a calf is infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea in-utero?

Back 86

Bovine Viral Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease (BVD-MD)

Front 87

What are 5 clinical signs of BVD-MD?

Back 87

1) Intermittent or Persistent Diarrhea

2) Weight Loss

3) Crusty Eyes or Muzzle

4) Blunting of the Oral Papillae

5) Chronic Coronary Band Lesions

Front 88

What is the mortality rate for BVD-MD?

Back 88

100%.

Front 89

What are 4 ways BVD is diagnosed?

Back 89

1) Buffy Coat in Whole Blood

2) Virus Isolation

3) PCR

4) Serology (paired sample 2-4 weeks apart)

Front 90

How is BVD treated?

Back 90

It's not.

Front 91

How is BVD prevented?

Back 91

Through a vaccine.

Front 92

What is the causative agent for Johne's Disease?

Back 92

Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuburculosis.

Front 93

True or False: Johne's Disease is reportable.

Back 93

True.

Front 94

How is Johne's Disease transmitted?

Back 94

From cow to calves via fecal-oral route within 30 days of age.

Front 95

What are 2 clinical signs of Johne's Disease?

Back 95

1) Chronic Diarrhea

2) Weight Loss

Front 96

True or False: Johne's Disease infections occur early in life but do not show clinical signs until 2-5 years of age.

Back 96

True.

Front 97

How many stages of Johne's Disease are there?

Back 97

4.

Front 98

List the 4 stages of Johne's Disease.

Back 98

1) Silent

2) Subclinical

3) Clinical

4) Advanced Clinical Infection

Front 99

True or False: The most common form of Mastitis in dairy cows is the sub-clinical form.

Back 99

True.

Front 100

True or False: Contagious Mastitis makes up about 95% of the cases of Mastitis.

Back 100

True.

Front 101

Which of the following are common clinical signs in cows with Bovine Ketosis? Tremors, Decreased Appetite, Weight Loss, or all of the above.

Back 101

All of the above.

Front 102

True or False: Ketosis is defined as low Ketones in the blood.

Back 102

False.

Front 103

True or False: Bovine Ketosis is most common in non-pregnant and non-lactating beef cattle.

Back 103

False.

Front 104

True or False: Bovine Ketosis always occurs as a primary disease.

Back 104

False.

Front 105

True or False: Goats are more likely than sheep to get copper toxicity.

Back 105

False.

Front 106

Which breed of dairy cow is more likely to have milk fever?

Back 106

Jersey.

Front 107

What would the blood work and urine look like in a ewe with pregnancy toxemia?

Back 107

Low glucose in blood, high ketones in urine.

Front 108

True or False: Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterial cause of environmental mastitis in dairy cattle.

Back 108

False, Staphylococcus aureus is common in contagious mastitis, not environmental mastitis.

Front 109

What is the cause of milk fever in cattle?

Back 109

Low blood calcium.

Front 110

True or False: An easy way to assess body condition scoring in sheep is to use the lumbar epaxial muscles.

Back 110

True.

Front 111

In cattle, milk fever commonly occurs when?

Back 111

Post Calving.

Front 112

What is the name of the test used on milk to diagnose Bovine Ketosis?

Back 112

Rothera Test.

Front 113

True or False: Ketones can be tested in the urine, blood, and milk.

Back 113

True.

Front 114

True or False: Pregnant ewes with one fetus are more likely to get pregnancy toxemia than those carrying more than one fetus.

Back 114

False.

Front 115

Mastitis caused by Leptospirosis is called what?

Back 115

Cold Mastitis.

Front 116

Copper toxicity causes what type of crisis?

Back 116

Hemolytic.

Front 117

True or False: Bovine Ketosis occurs due to a positive energy balance.

Back 117

False, Bovine Ketosis occurs due to a negative energy balance.

Front 118

True or False: A dairy cow that is in sternal recumbency with its neck in an "S" shape is showing a clinical sign of milk fever.

Back 118

True.

Front 119

What 3 common diagnostic tests are frequently used in screening and/or diagnosis of mastitis in cattle?

Back 119

1) Somatic Cell Count

2) California Mastitis Test

3) Milk Culture